Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Wideband CDMA
Dr. A. K. Chaturvedi
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
akc@iitk.ac.in

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Outline
Introduction to CDMA
Merits and Problems of CDMA
IS-95
WCDMA / CDMA 2000

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Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

CDMA
Multiple users occupying the same band
simultaneously by
having different codes is known as Code Division
Multiple
Access or CDMA.
This leads to universal frequency reuse.
CDMA is a Spread Spectrum technique.
Carrier
Direct
is used
Data Sequence
X - CDMA
Spread
Datain mobile
Modulation
communication.
Code
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(Spreading
Waveform)
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CDMA contd .
Spread Bandwidth
Processing Gain =
Capacity
Original Bandwidth
Spreading Codes
W-CDMA

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Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Merits of CDMA
Exploits voice inactivity.
Wideband signal - more suited for the mobile
communication
channel. Not susceptible to frequency selective fades.
Transmitted power levels are low. Battery life longer.
Rake receiver.
Soft Handoff.
All this leads to significant capacity gains in mobile
channels.
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Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Problems in CDMA
Near - Far effect.
Strict power control requirement.
Asymmetry between Forward link and Reverse link.

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Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

IS - 95
Base stations are synchronized
Forward link and reverse link each occupy 1.25 MHz
FDD - separation between the two links in 45 MHz
A long code system
Chip rate - 1.2288 Mcps (128 times the maximum data
rate
9.6 Kbps)
Variable data rate - depends on voice activity : 1.2, 2.4,
4.8
or 9.6 Kbps
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Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

IS - 95 contd .
Asymmetric temporal response in power control.
Convolutional code for error correction.
Interleaving using a 20 ms span to protect against
burst error
patterns.
Data burst randomizer.
Also known as cdma one.
First commercial deployment in Hong Kong in
September 1995.
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Forward Link
Pilot Channel - Provides phase reference for coherent
demodulation
- Signal strength measurement for handoffs
- Unmodulated (all 0s)
- Walsh code No. 0
Sync Channel - Broadcasts system timing messages
- Walsh code No. 32
Paging Channel - 7 Channels (Walsh code No. 1 - 7)
- for paging and control messages
Traffic Channel - 55 channels (Walsh code No. 8-31, 3363)
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Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Forward link
multiplexing operations

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Forward Link contd .

Sync channel modulation

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Traffic channel modulation

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Reverse Link
Access Channel - Used by MS to initiate communication
and to
respond
Traffic Channel

Access channel
modulation

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Reverse traffic channel modulation

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Soft Handof

Signal levels during soft handoff

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cdma2000 and WCDMA

cdma2000 is also known as IS-2000 or Wideband cdma
one
- maintains backward compatibility with IS-95A
- synchronous Base stations
- 20 ms frame
- chip rate is N x 1.2288 Mcps
- Bandwidth is N x 1.25 MHz
- proposed by TIA (US)

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cdma2000 and WCDMA contd .

WCDMA based on GSM/GPRS core network
- asynchronous Base station
- 10 ms frame
- chip rate is N x 1.024 Mcps
- proposed by ETSI, ARIB and TR46

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cdma2000/WCDMA Harmonization for 3G

3 modes of CDMA
- Direct Spread
- Multicarrier
- TDD

Extending to 6X and 9X using the 3X direct sequence spreading

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cdma2000/WCDMA Harmonization for 3G contd .

Direct - Spread CDMA
- essentially based on WCDMA
- 3.84 Mcps (within 5% of 3.6864 Mcps) (for 5 MHz
bandwidth)
- Asynchronous base station
- Support access to ANSI-41 networks

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cdma2000/WCDMA Harmonization for 3G contd .

Multicarrier - essentially based on cdma2000
- 3.6864 Mcps (for 5 MHz bandwidth)
- synchronous base station
- support access to GSM MAP networks
TDD Mode :
- will be based on UTRA TDD
- synchronous system

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Turbo Codes and Smart Antennas

Turbo codes have been theoretically shown to be
capable of
approaching Shannon limit on channel capacity.
Obtained by interconnection of
- multiple convolutional codes of short constraint
length
- random interleavers
Incorporated in 3G standards to facilitate satisfactory
BER at
very low values of Eb/N0. This in turn enhances capacity.
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Smartof Electrical
Antennas.
Engineering

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References
A.J. Vitrebi, CDMA Principles of Spread Spectrum
Communications, Addison-Wesley, 1995.
J.S. Lee et al, CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook,
Artech
House, 1998.
V.K. Garg et al, Applications of CDMA in
Wireless/Personal
Communications, Prentice-Hall, 1997.
Savo Glisic et al, Spread Spectrum CDMA Systems for
Wireless
Communications,
Artech
Department
of Electrical Engineering

House,
1997.
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