13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Lecture 9 Week 6
Bending in Beams

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Summary of Previous Lecture

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Bending
Aims: To understand how beams deform under
bending

Bending Deformation of a Straight Member

The Flexure Formula

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Beams
Assumptions:
Straight and prismatic
Homogenous
Symmetric cross-section

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

x
z, neutral axis

Neutral surface

Curved lines
Straight lines

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Deformation in Curved
Beams
s = x

longitudinal
axis

y
x

s'
longitudinal
axis

x
Undeformed element

Deformed element

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Deformation in Curved
Beams
Arc length = Radius x
If the radius is reduced then
so too is the arc length
resulting in compression
is known as the radius of
curvature and is the distance
from the centre of the bend
radius to the neutral axis

s'
longitudinal
axis

Deformed element

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Strain
By definition the deformed strain is given by
lim

s s

s
s 0

i.e. Ext/Orig. Length

This can be expressed as

lim
0

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Longitudinal normal strain

distance y from neutral surface

+y => contraction (-ve strain)
-y => expansion (+ve strain)

max

Where C is

=>

ymax

y
max
c

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Flexure Formula
From Hooke's Law we know that

E
Which leads to

i.e. The stress increases linearly with

distance from the neutral axis

max

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Flexure Formula
Because the resultant force over the cross-section
must be zero

0 dF dA
A

Therefore

max
y
0 maxdA
c
c
A

ydA
A

which can only be satisfied if the horizontal

centroidal axis is also the neutral axis

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Flexure Formula
The moment due to the stress distribution should
be equivalent to the internal moment
y

M ydF y dA y max dA
c

A
A
A

So that

max
2
M
y
dA

c A
2nd Moment of Area = I

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Flexure Formula
Which leads to

max

Mc

Where
max

Maximum normal stress

Resultant internal moment

Moment of Inertia

Distance from neutral axis to where

max acts

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Example 1

Use the flexure formula to find the internal moment

max = 2 MPa

2
2

6 mm

6 mm
6 mm

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

The flexure formula is:

What is I?

Therefore I =
b
Therefore M =

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Example 2

What are the max. normal stresses at D and A?

A

5 kN/m

D
A

20 mm

N
3m

3m

20 mm

150 mm

20 mm 150 mm

A
250 mm

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Calculate the reaction forces at R1 and R2
First consider the load. Total load = ...........

Equates to a single load at position..........

R1 =
R2 =
Draw the left hand beam section using the correct shear and moment convention for the
section a-a

Calculate the bending moment

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

The flexure formula is .....
What theory do we need to use to find I?
I flange (the vertical bit) =

I web (top and bottom bits!) =

Area of web =

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Distance to centroid of flange (neutral axis) =

I web (relative to flange centroid) =

Total I value for beam =

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Flexural formula =
M=
I=
Distance of A from neutral axis =
Stress at A =
Distance of D from neutral axis =
Stress at D =

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Summary
Bending produces compression AND tension
Strain varies linearly with distance from NA
Internal moments can be calculated using
Flexure Formula

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Use the flexure formula to find the internal moment

max

Mc

What is I? Moment of Inertia about neutral axis

bh3
I
12

h
b

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Multiple Choice

a
M

0.144

b
0.288

c
0.036

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Example 2

What are the max. Normal stresses at D and A?

a

5 kN/m

D
A

20 mm

N
20 mm

3m

150 mm

20 mm 150 mm

3m
250 mm

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Internal Moment
By symmetry, the reaction forces must be R1 = R2 =
15 kN
15 kN

1.5 m

M
V
15 kN

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

M = -15*1.5 +15*3

Therefore
M = 22.5 kN.m

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Second Moment of Area

h
x

1
Ix
bh3
12

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Using the Parallel Axes Theorem

20 mm
150 mm

N
20 mm

A
20 mm

250 mm

150 mm

I x I x Ad
so

2
y

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

1
3
2
I x 2
0.25 * 0.02 0.25 * 0.02 * 0.16
12

1
0.02 * 0.33 301.3 * 10 6 m4
12

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Flexure Formula
My

I
where y is the distance from the NA
s is the normal stress at y

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

At A

22.5 * 103 * 0.15

11.2 MPa
6
301.5 * 10

At D

22.5 * 103 * 0.17

12.7 MPa
6
301.5 * 10

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Next lecture.
An introduction to Transverse Shear
Coursework due Monday 11th
November 2013 before 9 a.m.