Estructuras de Acero :

MIEMBROS A TENSIN
EXAMPLE
Mg
MUOZ

Ing CARMEN CHILN

PIURA-PER

Evaluation of Net Area

Example (T1):

What is the net area An for the tension member

as shown in the figure?
1
Plate 4 (inches)
4

T
Solution:

Standard Hole for a 4 -in. diam bolt.

Ag = 4(0.25) = 1.0 sq in.

Width to be deducted for hole
An = [Wg (width for hole)] (thickness of plate)

7
4 0.25 0.78 sq. in.
8

ct of staggered holes on Net Area :

For a group of staggered holes along the tension direction, one
must determine the line that produces smallest Net Area.
EFFECT OF STAGGERED HOLES ON NET AREA :A
p
p
A

Paths of failure
T
on net section

T
B

In the above diagram:

p = Pitch or spacing along bolt line
s = Stagger Between two adjacent bolt lines
(usually s = P/2)
g = gage distance transverse to the loading.

s
C B

In case (a) above : An = (Gross width hole dia.) . t

In case (b) above : An = (Gross width hole dia.+ s2/4g) . t

ct of staggered holes on Net Area :

Example (T2):
Determine the minimum net area of the plate shown in fig. 3.4.2, assuming
in,-diam holes are located as shown:

Figure 3.4.2Example 3.4.1

Solution. According to LRFD and ASD-B2, the width used in deducing for
holes in the hole diameter plus 1/16 in., and the staggered length correction
Is (s2/4g).
1)

Path AD (two holes) :

15 1
12 2 16 16 0.25 2.50 sq.in.

2)

Path ABD (three holes; two staggers) :

( 2.125)2
15 1 2.125

12 3
0.25 2.43sq.in.
16
16
4

2
.
5

4
(
4
)

3)

Path ABC (three holes; two staggers) :

(1.875)2
15 1 2.125

12 3
0.25 2.42sq.in.
4 2.5
4( 4)
16 16

Net Area for Angles :

Angles:
When holes are staggered on two legs of an angle, the gage length
(g) for use In the (s2/4g) expression is obtained by using length
between the centers of the holes measured along the centerline of
the angle thickness, i.e., the distance A-B in Fig: 3.4.3. Thus the
gage distance g is

t
t
g ga gb ga gb t
2
2

Gage dimension for an angle

L GUGES* FOR ANGLES, INCHES

(FROM AISC MANUAL)

Every rolled angle has a standard value for the location of

holes (i.e. gage distance ga and gb), depending on the
length of the leg and the number of lines of holes. Table
shows usual gages for angles as listed in the AISC Manual*.

Example on Net Area:

Example (T3):
Determine the net area (An ) for the angle given in figure below
if

15

in , dia.

16

holes are used?

*legs and thickness in mm.

1
1 1
1
* g g1 t 2 2 4
2
4 2
4

Angle with legs shown *flattened* into one plane

Solutions. For net area calculation the angle may be

visualized as being
flattened into a plate as shown in Figure above.

s2
A n A g Dt t
4g
where D is the width to be deducted for the
hole.
1) Path AC:

15 1
0.5 3.75 sq.in.
An = 4.75 2
16 16
2) Path ABC:

(3) 2
(3) 2
15 1
An = 4.75 3 0.5

0.5 3.96 sq.in.

16 16
4(2.5) 4(4.25)
Since the smallest An is 3.75 sq in., that value governs.

9.5"

EFFECTIVE NET AREA:

When some of the cross section (and not all the section) is
connected, we need to use effective net area concept :Ae = U An
where,

U = Reduction Factor.

When all elements of the section are connected, U = 1.0.

For Welded Connections:When not all elements are connected.

Gusset
plate

) Transverse Weld Connection:Ae = UA

T
U = 1.0
A = Area of connected part only
e.g. A = 6 x 1/2 = 3 in

6
Angle
6x4x1/2

ii) Longitudinal Weld Connection :-

Gusset
plate

Ae = Ag U
U = 1.0
U = 0.87
U = 0.75

for
for
for

L 2 w
2w L 1.5 w
1.5w L w

Weld

T
Angle
6x4x1/2

For Bolted Connections:In bolted connections, the reduction factor (U) is a function
of the eccentricity ( ) in the connection.
Thus:Where:

x
U 1 0 .9
L

(LRFD - B3.2)

x = distance between centroids of elements to

the plane of load transfer

L = Length of the connection in the direction of load.

(See Commentary C B 3.1 & C B 3.2)

mples for x & L of connections:

Determination of

x for U.

LFRD Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, December 27, 1999

American Institute of Steel Construction

Alternate Values for (U) :(Commentary P16.1 177 AISC)

For bolted or riveted connections the following values

for (U) may be used:a)

W, M or S Shapes with flange width 2/3 depth, and structural tees cut
from these shapes, provided connection to the flanges and has 3
fasteners per line in the direction of force, U = 0.90.

b) W,M or S Shapes where flanges width < 2/3 depth, and all other shapes,
that has no fewer than 3 fasteners per line, U = 0.85
c) All members having only two fasteners in the line of stress

U = 0.75

For short tension members such as Gusset plates the effective net
area equals (An), but must not exceed 0.85 of the gross area (Ag).

xample on Effective Net Areas:

Example (T-4)

Calculate the Ae values of the following section:(i)

(ii)

flange width (6.54) > 2/3 x depth (8.0)

Three bolts / line
U = 0.90
Ag = 8.24 m2
An = gross area hole area
= 8.24 (2 x 1.0 hole) x web tk 0.285
= 7.68 in2
Ae = UAn = 0.9 x 7.68 = 6.912 in2

7/8 bolts W 8 x 28

hole dia = 7/8

C 9 x 15

only 2 bolts / line, U = 0.75

Ag = 4.41 m2
An = 4.41 (2 x 15/16) 0.285 = 3.875 in2
Ae = 0.75 x 3.875 = 2.907 in2

(iii)

x = 0.888

L = 6 in (3+3)
U = 1 -x /L = 1 -0.888/6 = 0.852 < 0.9
3 3

(iv)

dia bolt

Ag = 2.11 in2
An = 2.11 1 x (3/4 + 1/8) x 3/8 = 2.11 -0.328 = 1.782 in2
Ae = UAn = 0.852 x 1.782 = 1.518 in2
Alternative value of U = 0.85 (3 bolts / line)

w 10 x 33
All sides connected
U = 10
Ag = 9.71 in2

Holes
in web

hole

web tk.

An = 9.71 4 x 1.0 x 0.435 2 x 1.0 x 0.290

7/8 dia. bolt

Holes
in flage

flage tk

= 9.71 1.74 - 0.58 = 7.39 in2

Ae = UAn = 7.39 in2

Design of Tension Members:

Rn iQi

The general philosophy of LRFD method:

T T

For tension members:

t n
u
where
t = resistance reduction factor for tensile members
Tn = Nominal strength of the tensile members
Tu = Factored load on the tensile members.
The design strength tTn is the smaller of:
a) Yielding in the gross section;

t Tn = t Fy Ag = 0.9 Fy Ag
b) Fracture of the net section;

t Tn = t Fu Ae = 0.75 Fu Ae
This is to be followed by check of rupture strength (block shear failure),
and limitation of slenderness ratio 300.

ample of strength calculation (capaci

Example (T-5):Find the maximum tensile capacity of a member

consisting of 2Ls (6 x 4 x ) can carry for two cases:
(a) welded connection,
(b) bolted connection

1" dia bolts

Fy = 60 ksi

Fu = 75 ksi.

1 1

Solution:-

(a) welded Connection

Net area = gross area (all sides connected)
= 9.50 in2
Yielding Ft = 0.9 Fy Ag = 0.9 x 60 x 9.50 = 513 k
Fracture Ft = 0.75 Fu Ae = 0.75 x 75 x 9.5 = 534 k
Thus tension capacity, t Tn = 513 k (yielding controls)

(b) Bolted Connection

Consider one L
An Calculation:

Wg = gross width = 6 + 4 = 9.5 in.

Straight section : wn = 9.5 2 x 1 18 = 7.25 in.

2
2
(1.75)
(1.75)

Zig-Zag = w n 9.5 3 1 81
4 2.5
44

(2.5+20.5)

= 6.62 in. (Controls)

(thickness)

An = 6.62 x = 3.31 in2

for one L

For 2Ls, An = 3.31 x 2 = 6.62 in2

All sides connected, U = 1.0, Ae = U.An = 6.62 in2

1.751.75

Calculation of t Tn :(i) Yielding: 0.9 Fy Ag = 0.9 x 60 x 9.50 = 513 k

(ii) Fracture:0.75 Fu Ae = 0.75 x 75 x 6.62 = 372 k.

Procedure For Tension Members:Design is an interactive procedure (trial & error), as we

do not have the final connection detail, so the
selection is made, connection is detailed, and the member is checked
again.
Proposed Design Procedure:i)

Find required (Ag) from factored load

ii)

Find required (Ae) from factored load

iii) Convert (Ae) to (Ag) by assuming connection detail.

iv) From (ii) & (iii) chose largest (Ag) value
v) Find required (rmin) to satisfy slenderness
vi) Select a section to satisfy (iv) and (v) above.
vii) Detail the connection for the selected member.
viii) Re-check the member again.

ple on Design of Tension Members:

Example (T-6):A tension member with a length of 5 feet 9 inches
must resist a service dead load of 18 kips and a service
live load of 52 kips. Select a member with a rectangular
cross section. Use A36 steel and assume a connection
with one line of 7/8-inch-diameter bolts.
Member length = 5.75 ft.

Solution:P = 1.2 D + 1.6L = 1.2(18) + 1.6(52) = 104.8 kips

u

Required A g

Pu
104.8

3.235 in.2
0.90Fy 0.90(36)

Required A e

Pu
104.8

2.409 in.2
0.75Fu 0.75(58)

Because Ae = An for this member, the gross area corresponding to

the required net area is
A g A n A hole
7 1
t 2.409 t
8 8

2.409
Try t = 1 in.

Ag = 2.409 + 1(1) = 3.409 in.2

tion:(Cont.)
Because 3.409
> 3.235, the required gross area is 3.409 in. , and
2

Ag

3.409
3.409 in.
t
1
Round to the nearest 1/8 inch and try a 1 3 cross section.
Check the slenderness ratio:
3.5(1) 3
Imin
0.2917 in.4
12
A 1(3.5) 3.5 in.2
wg

From I Ar 2 , we obtain
Imin
0.2917

0.2887 in.
A
3.5
L 5.75(12)
Maximum
239 300 (OK)
r
0.2887
rmin

Answer:

Use a 3 1 bar.

Example (T-7):Select a single angle tension member to carry (40

kips DL) and (20 kips LL), member is (15)ft long and will
be connected to any one leg by single line of 7/8
diameter bolts. Use A-36 steel.
Solution:
Step 1) Find Required (Tu):Tu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
= 1.2 x 40 + 1.6 x 20
= 48 + 32 = 80k
Tu = 80k

(Controls)

Tu = 1.4 DL
or

= 1.4 x 40
= 56 k

Step 2) Find required Ag & Ae:

Tu
80
(A g )req.

2.47 in2 (A g )1
0.9Fy 0.9 36
Tu
80
(A e )req.

1.84 in2
0.75Fu 0.75 58

Step 3) Convert (Ae) to (Ag):

Since connection to single leg, then use alternative

(U) value = 0.85 (more then 3 bolt in a line).

Ae 1.84
( An )
2.16 in 2
U 0.85
For single line 7/8 bolts ; Ag = An + (1)t = 2.16 + t = (Ag)2

L
1
5

2
rmin3030.6in

Step 4)

Find required rmin.

Step 5)

Select angle:

By selecting (t) we get Ag & rmin

t
1/4
3/8
1/2

(Ag)1

(Ag)2

2.47

2.41

2.47

2.53

2.47

2.66

select t = 3/8
(Ag)2 = 2.53 in2
(Controls)

Selection

L4 3 21 3 8
Ag = 2.67 in2 > 2.53 in2

OK

rmin = 0.727 in > 0.6

OK
Step 6) Design the bolted connection: (chap. 4).
Step 7) Re-check the section.

Example (T-8):Select a pair of MC as shown to carry a factored ultimate load

of 490 kips in tension. Assume connection as shown. Steel F y =
50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi (A572, grade 50) length = 30 ft.
10
2MC
1. Tu = 490 k; per channel, Tu = 245 k
2. Required, (Ag)1 = 245 / 0.9 x 50 = 5.44 in2
Required, (Ae) = 245 / 0.75 x 65 = 5.03 in2
Ae
U = 5.03 in2

7/8 bolt

Required, (An) =
U = 1.0 (Well connected)

3. Assume that flange thickness ~ 0.5 in and web tk. ~ 0.3 in. (experience
An = (Ag)2 2 x 1.0 x 0.5 2 x 1.0 x 0.3
= (Ag)2 1.60

(Ag)2 = An + 1.60 = 5.03 + 1.60 = 6.63 in.

(controls)

4. Required. rmin =

(as a buildup section)

5. Try MC 10 x 25 ; Ag = 7.35 in2 ; tw = 0.38 and tf = 0.575, rx = 3.87 in.

6. Check capacity
An = 7.35 2 x 1.0 x 0.575 2 x 1.0 x 0.38
= 7.35 1.910 = 5.44 in2.
Ae = 5.44 in2.
(i) Yielding Tn = 0.9 x 50 x (2 x 7.35) = 661.5 k
(ii) Fracture Tn = 0.75 x 65 x (2 x 5.44) = 530.4 k
Pn = 530.4 k > 490 k.
OK
Use 2 MC 10 x 25

Bloque de Corte

Bloque de Corte

Este tipo de falla se encontr que ocurra en las

llamadas vigas copadas y es ahora aparente que este
estado lmite tambin controla en algunos casos el
comportamiento en los extremos conectados de los
miembros en traccin.

En las conexiones de extremos, la senda de la menor resistencia

no siempre ser controlada por An o Ae, ms bien existe una senda
de falla que envuelve dos planos, Traccin en uno y Corte en el
otro
plano perpendicular, puede ser ms crtica como se muestra en las
figuras

La falla que involucra traccin en un plano y corte

simultneo en otro perpendicular se llama bloque de
corte.
Una vez que ocurre una fractura en un plano, la
fuerza entera se transfiere al otro plano para
completarse la falla.
Resistencia por Bloque de Cortantes

1.- Fluencia de corte (0.6Fy) + Fractura de traccin

(Fu)
Rn = 0.75 { 0.60 Fy. Agv + Fu . Ant}

2.- Fractura de corte (0.6Fu) + fluencia de traccin

(Fy).
Rn = 0.75 { 0.60 Fu. Anv + Fy . Agt}

Para determinar el Bloque de Corte de la Conexin en

la Fig. 3.11:
Avg
Ans
+ h)]
Atg
Ant
t
h
cm
d=
t

= rea total en corte = b.t

= rea neta en corte = t [b (Naguj -1/2) (d
= rea total en traccin = s.t
= rea neta en traccin = t [s - 1/2 (d + h)]
= 0.75, factor de resistencia.
= Huelgo = 1/16" (0.16 cm), en vez de 0.32
Dimetro del conector
= Espesor

EJEMPLO
Determinar la Resistencia de Diseo del Bloque de
Corte. Compare con la Resistencia de Diseo del perfil.
Ver Tablas de Propiedades de Perfiles Soldados.
Perfil Soldado CS300x74; Acero Fy = 2.53 t/cm2; Fu =
4.08 t/cm2
A = 94.5 cm2; tf = 0.95 cm; Pernos = 3/4" (1.90 cm);
Huelgo = 1/16"

SOLUCION

Bloque de Corte:

Fractura de Traccin + Fluencia de Corte:

t Pbc = 4*0.75*0.95 [ { 7.5 - 1/2*(1.90 + .16) }*4.08
+ 27.5*0.6*2.53 ]
t Pbc = 194.2 t

Fractura de Corte + Fluencia de Traccin:

t Pbc = 4*0.75*0.95 [ { 27.5 - 3.5*(1.90 + .16) }
*0.6*4.08 + 7.5*2.53 ]
t Pbc = 195.6 t ...... controla

Fluencia en la seccin del perfil:

t Pnf = 0.9*2.53*94.5 = 215.2 t

Fractura en el rea efectiva:

t Pnr = 0.75*0.9*[94.5 - 4*(1.90 + 0.32)*0.95]*4.08
= 237.0 t

Controla el bloque de corte :

t Pbc = 195.6 t

Ejemplo:
Determine la Resistencia de Diseo de la cartela
sobre la cual se encuentra
soldado el ngulo de la Figura.
Acero A36. Fy = 36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi

SOLUCION
Fluencia en la seccin total de los Ls:
t Pnf = 0.9*4.22 in2 * 36 = 137 kips

Fractura en los Ls:

U = 1 - 0.888/5 = 0.82
t Pnr = 0.75*0.82*4.22*58 = 150 kips

Bloque de corte en la cartela:

Fractura de Traccin + Fluencia de corte:
t Pbc = 0.75*(3/8) [58*3 + 0.6*36 (5 + 2)]
t Pbc = 91.5 kips

Fractura de corte + Fluencia de Traccin:

t Pbc = 0.75*(3/8) [0.6*58*7 + 3*36]
t Pbc = 98.9 kips

Controla: Bloque de corte : t Pbc = 98.9 kips

Mejorara si se aumentara el contacto entre el
ngulo y la cartela