Capsid

Protein Shell

Nucleic Acid

DNA or RNA

Envelope

Membrane around virus

Receptors

Proteins that help virus

get into proper host

Attachment
The virus
attaches to
receptors on
the host cell.

Entry into the Cell

The virus is able
to get into the
cell in one of
three ways.

Fusion of the Membranes

The viral
envelope and
cell membrane
fuse, allowing
the virus to
enter the cell.

Endocytosis
The virus is
engulfed by the
cell membrane.

Injection

E. coli

Bacteriophage T4

What happens once the genetic

material is inside the cell?
One of two different processes may occur:
1. The virus takes over the cell and begins
to replicate right away, killing the host cell
in the process.
2. The virus doesnt take over or kill the
host cell right away, but does begin to
replicate.

Lytic
Cycle
There are 5
steps in the
Lytic Cycle

ATTACHMENT

RELEASE (LYSIS)

Lytic
Cycle

ATTACHMENT

1. Attachment the virus attaches to

receptors on the host

Lytic
Cycle

2. Penetration the nucleic acid

moves across the cell membrane into
the host cell

Lytic
Cycle

3. Replication and Synthesis the

virus degrades the host nucleic acid
and uses the host to make new viral
components.

Lytic
Cycle

4. Assembly viral components are

assembled into new viruses.

Lytic
Cycle
RELEASE / LYSIS

5. Release / Lysis fully assembled

viruses are released when the host cell
bursts

Lytic
Cycle

ATTACHMENT

RELEASE / LYSIS

Viruses that are in a lytic cycle are

described as VIRULENT

T4 Bacteriophage Lysing
E. coli Bacterium

Bacteriophage Lambda

()

ATTACHMENT

REPLICATIO
N

NNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNN
NNNNN

Lysogenic
Cycle

PENETRATION

nnn
nnn
nnn
nnn
nnn
nndd
dd

INTEGRATION

There are 4 steps in the Lysogenic Cycle

ATTACHMENT

NNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNN
NNNNN

Lysogenic
Cycle

PENETRATION

nnn
nnn
nnn
nnn
nnn
nndd
dd

Steps 1 and 2 are identical to the first two

steps in the lytic cycle.

Lysogenic
Cycle

INTEGRATION

3. Integration Phage DNA

integrates into bacterial DNA

Lysogenic
Cycle

INTEGRATION

When it becomes integrated into the

host DNA, the viral genome is
referred to as a PROPHAGE.

Lysogenic
Cycle

REPLICATIO
N

4. Replication The integrated prophage

replicates when bacterial DNA replicates

NNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNN

Lysogenic
Cycle

nnn
nnn
nnn
nnn
nnn
nnd

Viruses that enter into a lysogenic

cycle are known as
TEMPERATE VIRUSES

What is special about

Bacteriophage ?
ATTACHMENT

REPLICATION

RELEASE /
LYSIS
PENETRATION

ASSEMBLY

REPLICATION
AND SYNTHESIS

INTEGRATION

Bacteriophage attached to
an E. coli Bacterium

Replication of Viral
Nucleic Acids
DNA Viruses replication of
viral DNA is similar to the
process that the host cell uses
to replicates its own DNA
DNA DNA

Replication of Viral
Nucleic Acids
Most RNA Viruses replication
of viral RNA is dependent upon
an enzyme that is encoded on the
viral genome
RNA RNA

Replication of Viral
Nucleic Acids
Retroviruses RNA viruses that
convert their RNA into DNA
using an enzyme that is included
with the viral genome
RNA DNA

Replication of Viral
Nucleic Acids
Retroviruses This DNA is inserted
into the host genome, where it can
be transcribed back into viral RNA
during normal cellular activity.

Replication of Viral
Nucleic Acids
Retroviruses Once the DNA is
integrated into the host genome,
some retroviruses may become
LATENT, where they remain
inactive for long periods of time.

Replication of Viral
Nucleic Acids
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV), the virus that causes AIDS,
is an example of a retrovirus that
can become latent.

Lytic Cycle
Virus hijacks the host cell and keeps making more
copies of itself until the host bursts open

Lysogenic Cycle

Virus integrates into the host genome and replicates when

the host divides. When triggered it can enter the lytic cycle.

Retroviruses
RNA viruses that convert their RNA to DNA
which then integrates into the host genome.

HIV
Retrovirus that infects humans which can
remain latent for long periods of time.

HIV
Infection
When not active, the virus is
described as being latent

Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles

Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles

ATTACHMENT

REPLICATION

RELEASE /
LYSIS
PENETRATION

ASSEMBLY

REPLICATION
AND SYNTHESIS

INTEGRATION

Lytic
Cycle
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
ddd

dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddd

dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
ddd

dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddddddd
dddd

Lysogenic
Cycle

Lytic and
Lysogenic
Cycles