Professional Documents
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Grounding
Grounding
Installations
Stray Voltages
Stray: Element or occurrence not desired in
theory, but unavoidable in a practical realization.
Term coined in the 1970s: Stray Voltages In Dairies
Elevated metal object-to-ground or neutral-to-ground
voltages
Stray Currents
Permanent current
other than momentary fault current
circulating over the earth
objectionable and undesirable
T T
T= direct connection of
one point of the
power system to
ground.
Utility
TT earthing system
To 480V, 3 Phase Utility Transformer
788
VOLTAGE DIVIDER!
Persons resistance to ground in the
absence of floor: 2.
Person assumed shoeless as per:
IEC 60479-1; 1994-09, 3rd Ed.,
Effects of current on human beings
and livestock - Part 1: General
aspects.
T= direct connection of
one point to ground.
N= direct electrical connection of the ECPs to
the grounded point of the power system.
-C
-S
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No-Fault Condition
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Fault Condition
V B V ph
IF
Z eq
B
Z eq Z ph
V ph
Z Loop
Ia
Ia
Disconnecting time
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
ta (s)
DOSE!
Extraneous-conductive-part (EXCP)
Conductive part:
an arbitrary potential
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Should we bond?
EXCP
EXCP
Class II equipment
Double insulated (or reinforced insulated)
equipment:
incorporates a supplementary insulation, in
addition to the basic one.
The two insulations are physically separated
(and tested)
they cannot be subject to the same
deteriorating factors (e.g. temperature,
contaminants, etc.) to the same degree.
Class II equipment
It is an equivalent protection against indirect
contacts if applied to the entire outdoor
installation (i.e. light fixtures, conductors, splices,
and terminal strip).
According to IEC, class II equipment is not
permitted to be grounded.
According to NEC, double insulated equipment is
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Conclusions
Analysis of the fault-loops is crucial to understand the causes of
stray voltages.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
IAS Industry Application Society 41st Annual Meeting, Tampa, Fl, October 2006.
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