REPEATERS

A repeater or regenerator is an electronic

device that operate on the physical layer

of the OSI model. We know that all
transmission
media
weaken
the
electromagnetic waves that travel through
them. Attenuation of signals limits the
distance any medium can carry data.
Devices that amplifies signals to ensure
data transmission are called repeaters. A
repeater receives a signal and before it
becomes
too
weak
or
corrupted,
regenerates the original bit pattern.
Hence, a repeater can extend the physical

Repeater is not an amplifier

because amplify the entire

incoming signal along with noise.
Signal-regenerating repeater
create an exact duplicate of
incoming data by identifying it
amidst the noise reconstructing it
and retransmitting only the
desired information. The original
signal is duplicated, boosted to
its original strength and sent.

A wireless repeater.

Contents
1 Description
2 Digipeater
3 Usage

Repeater is not an amplifier because

amplify the entire incoming signal

along with noise. Signal-regenerating
repeater create an exact duplicate of
incoming data by identifying it amidst
the noise reconstructing it and
retransmitting only the desired
information. The original signal is
duplicated, boosted to its original
strength and sent. When an Ethernet
communication hub.

Such as an Ethernet repeater, receives a

packet of data, a portion, if not the entire

preamble sequence may be truncated. An
Ethernet network repeater typically
includes multiple transceivers for
interfacing with other communication
nodes through a transmission medium. The
transceivers usually include circuitry for
both the transmission and the reception of
data packets. An Ethernet repeater
typically includes core logic for
coordinating the data traffic for the
transceivers.

By repeating data to all ports, the

repeater acts as a logical coaxial

cable so that any node connected to
the network will see another node's
transmission. A multiport repeater is
a device which performs margins are
restored. Multiport repeaters, also
referred to as hubs or wiring
concentrators, allow interconnection
of a number of network segments at
the physical layer of the network
protocol.

HUB

HUB

A hub is one type of n/w device

that is installed at the Access

Layer of an Ethernet n/w. Hubs
contain multiple ports that are
used to connect hosts to the n/w.
Hubs are simple device that do
not have the necessary electronic
to decode the messages sent b/w
hosts on the n/w.

Hubs cannot determine which host

should get any particular message. A

hub simply accepts electronic signals
from one port and regenerates (or
repeats) the same message out all of
the other ports.
The hub has a certain number of
ports (it has enough ports to link
machines to one another, usually 4, 8,
16 or 32). Its only goal is to recover,
binary data coming into a port.
And send it to all other ports

Its only goal is to recover, binary

data coming into a port and send it to

all the other ports. As with a repeater,
a hub operates on layer 1 of the OSI
model, which is why it is sometimes
called a multiport repeater.
The hub connects several machines
together, sometime arranged in a star
shape, which gives it its name, hub to
the fact all communication coming
from the machines on the n/w passes
through it.

A hub is a small rectangular box,

often made of plastic, that receives

its power from an ordinary wall
outlet. A hub joins multiple
computers (or other n/w devices)
together to from a single n/w
segment. On this n/w segment, all
computers can communication
directly with each other. Ethernet
hubs are by far the most common
type, but hubs for other types of n/w
such as USB also exist.

A hub includes a series of

ports that each accept a n/w

cable. Small hubs n/w four
computers. They contain four
or sometimes five ports, the
fifth port being reserved for
uplink connections to
another hub or similar device.
Larger hubs contain eight, 12 ,
16,and even 24 ports.

They are three

different types of
hubs:
Passive
Active
Intelligent

.Passive - A passive hub simply

combines of a n/w segment.

There is no signal processing or
regeneration. A passive hub
reduces the cabling distance by
half because it does not boost the
signals and in fact absorbs some
of the signal. With a passive hub,
each computer receives the
signal sent from all the other
computers connected to the hub.

. Active hubs- On the other

hand, do perform this

amplification. By using active
hub, the distance b/w devices
can be increased. They are
also much expensive than
passive hub and multiport
repeater when referring to an
active hub.

 . Intelligent hubs- In addition to

signal regeneration, intelligent hubs

perform some n/w management and
intelligent path selection. A switching
hubs chooses only the port of the
device where the signal need to go,
rather than sending the signal along
all paths. One advantage to this is
that all transmission media segment
can be connected permanently
because each segment is used only
when a signal is sent to a device
suing that particular segment.

#Connecting multiple hubs

. It is possible to connect several hubs

together in order to centralize a larger

number of machines.
. To do this, all that is to connect the hubs
using crossover cable. There are also hubs a
special port called an uplink for connecting
two hubs together using a patch cable.
Only one message can be sent through an
Ethernet hub at a time. It is possible for two
or more hosts connected to a hub to attempt
to send a message at the same time.