Valves

Valves
Defn: devices which control the amount
and direction of fluid flow in piping systems
Typically made of bronze, brass, iron, or steel
alloy

Components:
- Valve body
- Disc
- Seat
- Bonnet

- Packing
- Packing gland/nut
- Stem
- Wheel

Types of Valves
Two basic groups:
Stop valves - used to shut off or partially shut off
the flow of fluid ( ex: globe, gate, plug, needle,
butterfly)
Check Valves - used to permit flow in only one
direction (ex: ball-check, swing-check, lift-check)

Special types:

Relief valves
Pressure-reducing valves
Remote-operated valves

Gate valves
Gate valves are so-named because the part that either
stops or allow flow
through the valve acts somewhat like a gate.
The gate is usually wedge-shaped.
Gate valves are used when a straight-line flow of
fluid and minimum flow restriction are needed
Gate valves are classified as either

Rising-stem or

Non rising-stem valves.

Gate valve
Non-Rising stem

Rising stem

Material
Temperature ranges of minus 300F to 1800F,
pressures of from a few ounces of gas to
thousands of pounds per square inch.
Brass and bronze, several grades of gray iron,
the newer ductile iron and the whole gamut of
steel types, together with numerous special
alloys for corrosion services and plastics
Size: to 48 larger are replaced by butterfly
valves.

Application

The main function: isolation or blocking

For general chemical process
Unsuitable for sterile purpose
Are very heavy
NEVER USE FOR THROTLLING

Globe valve
Globular in shape
Most common form of valve used.
The moving parts of a globe valve consist
of the disk, the valve stem, and the hand wheel.
Fluid flows equally on all sides of the center of
support when the valve is open, there is no
unbalanced pressure on the disk to cause
uneven wear.

Materia
l
Bronze; CI; CS; SS; alloy steel; plastics(PVC
and PP)
Size: generally 1/8 to 10
Can be connected through welding, soldered,
flanged.

Application
Used to control fluid flow
Needle type for precise control of flow
Used for operations that require frequent
operation allowing the fluid flow to be
fully open or fully closed.
Unsuitable for sterile condition
Tight shutoff requirements

Butterfly valve
Typically used to control flow of fluid through a pipe
Valves comprise of a central pivoting part, (or parts)
pivoting at an angle.
Available in several different types:
flange
Lug type
PVC butterfly valves are lightweight, completely
corrosion, impact, and UV resistant, and offer extreme
durability; PVC valves are made through liquid
chemical reactions

Material
CI; Duriron, CS; SS; alloys; plastic-lined; solid plastics; buna N;
butyl; neoprene; Hypalon ; natural rubber
Wafer; lugged; flanged
Size: 2- 144

Application
Are very light weight valves
These valves can be used effectively in
freshwater, saltwater, JP-5, F-76 (naval
distillate), lube oil, and chill water systems
aboard ship
The butterfly valve is light in weight,
relatively small, relatively quick-acting,
provides positive shut-off, and can be used
for throttling.
Are easy to maintain.

Ball valve
Are stop valves that use a ball to stop or start the flow
of fluid. The ball performs the same function as the
disk in the globe valve.
Directional flow control
Are flow valves that are quarter-turn and straight
through devices.
Very cost effective and they also have a long service
life
Many different Ball valves are available, for example
two-piece, three-piece and flanged

Material
Ball valves can be made from various materials including brass,
bronze, cast iron, steel, copper ductile iron, metal alloys, stainless
steel, and even certain types of plastics.
Size: 24

Application
Quarter turn gives good shutoff
Economical and small
Have low torque
Sterile filter and steams may be given for
biotechnological work.
Ball valves are normally found in the following
systems aboard ship: seawater, sanitary, trim
and drain, air, hydraulic, and oil transfer.

Diaphragm
Valve
Diaphragm valves
are, in effect, simple
"pinch clamp" valves.
Diaphragm valves
can also be used for
throttling service.
use metal or plastic
diaphragm set to
control the flow of
fluid.

Material
Bronze; CI; CS; SS; alloys (Hastelloy, Monel etc) : lining
material: glass; PVDF; PVC; PP; Hylar
Diaphragm material: gum rubber; buna N; butyl; neoprene;
TFE; silicon;
Size: - 20

(open)

(throttle)

(closed)

Application
Blocking and throttling
Used in various fields such as
biotechnology, food processing,
pharmaceutical and medical that require
systems that are clean and sterile While
at the same time having a longer life
cycle and operating pressure.
Prevent stem leakage

Plug valve
Plug valves are valves with cylindrical or
conically-tapered "plugs" which can be rotated
inside the valve body to control flow through the
valve.
Plug valves usually do not have bonnets.
The simplest and most common general type of
plug valve is a 2-port valve (ON and OFF)
Stopcocks used in laboratory glassware are
typically forms of conically-tapered plug valves.

Plug valve

Material

CI; CS; SS; plastic lined

May be lubricated or non lubricated
Size: 24

Application

Used for blocking

Directional flow control
Provides good shutoff
Suitable for used in steam lines

Needle valve
Similar in design and operation to the globe
valve, instead of a disk, a needle valve has a
long tapered point at the end of the valve
stem.
Long taper of the valve element permits a
much smaller seating surface area than that of
the globe valve; therefore, the needle valve is
more suitable as a throttle valve.

Material

Size - 1*1/2
Mainly 316 SS but on demand manufacture can
provide other materials too ;

Application
Needle Valve allows precise regulation
of flow for relatively slow flow rates.
Needle valves are used in flow metering
applications like carburetors when there
is an idle fuel flow.
Fluid power systems

Check valve
Check valves are used in fluid systems
to permit flow in one direction and to
prevent flow in the other direction.
They are classified as one way
directional control valves
Also know as NON RETURNABLE
VALVES(NRVs)
Work automatically

Material
Bronze; CI; CS;SS; alloys; plastics (PVC,
PP);
Size: - 48 (sizes over 24-36 are
made on special order)

Application

Check valves are used in water purification plants,

chemical process plants and petrochemical industries
among some uses.
Used with some types of pumps. Piston-driven
and diaphragm pumps such as metering pumps and pumps
for chromatography commonly use inlet and outlet ball
check valves
In many fluid systems such as those in chemical and power
plants
Used when multiple gases are mixed into one gas stream
Irrigation sprinklers and drip irrigation emitters have small
check valves

Pressure control valves

To ensure proper and safe functioning these
are used.
Release pressure from vessels, pipes etc.
Some just release the pressure while some
can maintain the pressure in desired limit.
Most of them are relief valves: which lift a
nozzle and pressure is released.
Main system relief valves are generally
installed between the pump or pressure
source and the first system isolation valve.

Material
Alloys; bronze CI; SS; CS

Application
These valves are used in systems which
contain a variety of hydraulic, pneumatic
and cryogenic systems to provide
protection from overpressure in steam,
gas, air and liquid lines.

 Safety Valves

ND250-Safety Valves

Oxygen Safety Valve

The relief valve is a type of valve used to control or

limit the pressure in a system or vessel which can
build up by a process upset, instrument or equipment
failure, or fire.
A safety valve is a valve mechanism for the
automatic release of a substance from a boiler,
pressure vessel, or other system when the pressure
or temperature exceeds preset limits. It is part of a
bigger set named pressure safety valves (PSV) or
pressure relief valves (PRV). The other parts of the
set are named relief valves, safety relief valves, pilotoperated safety relief valves, low pressure safety
valves, vacuum pressure safety valves.

References
http://www.novabizz.com/Valve/Manual_Gat
e_Valves.htm
http://www.valves.me/a2.php?a=64/Typesof-Valves
http://juhuj.com/open-file-ppt-convert-pptdownload-valves+types.htm
Bioprocess Engineering: Systems,
Equipment and Facilities( John Wiley & Sons,
INC)
www.tpub.com
www.explainthatstuff.com
GM engineering website