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Week2PostHoc 03
Week2PostHoc 03
Week2PostHoc 03
POST-HOC TESTS
Sample data
df
3
1
3
16
20
19
Mean Square
124.050
6777.992
124.050
17.100
ANOVA Table
F
7.254
396.374
7.254
Sig.
.003
.000
.003
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: SCORE
LSD
(I) GROUP
1
(J) GROUP
2
3
4
1
3
4
1
2
4
1
2
3
Mean
Difference
(I-J)
-7.80*
-3.00
-10.80*
7.80*
4.80
-3.00
3.00
-4.80
-7.80*
10.80*
3.00
7.80*
Std. Error
2.77
2.62
2.50
2.77
2.77
2.67
2.62
2.77
2.50
2.50
2.67
2.50
Sig.
.013
.268
.001
.013
.103
.278
.268
.103
.007
.001
.278
.007
Bonferroni Test
first decide which pairwise comparisons
you will wish to test (with reasonable
justification)
get SPSS to calculate t-tests for each
comparison
set your significance criterion alpha to be .
05 divided by the total number of tests
made
Bonferroni test
repeated measures factors are best
handled this way
ask SPSS to do related t-tests between all
possible pairs of means
only accept results that are significant
below .05/k as being reliable (where k is
the number of comparisons made)
PLANNED COMPARISONS/
CONTRASTS
It may happen that there are specific
hypotheses which you plan to test in
advance, beyond the general rejection of
the set of null hypotheses
PLANNED COMPARISONS
For example:
a) you may wish to compare each of three
patient groups with a control group
b) you may have a specific hypothesis that for
some subgroup of your design
c) you may predict that the means of the four
groups of your design will be in a particular
order
PLANNED COMPARISONS
Each of these can be tested by specifying
them beforehand - hence planned
comparisons.
The hypotheses should be orthogonal that is independent of each other
PLANNED COMPARISONS
To compute the comparisons, calculate a
t-test, taking the difference in means and
dividing by the standard error as estimated
from MSwithin from the ANOVA table
Mean
13.7352
15.6401
19.9698
16.4484
N
8
8
8
24
Std. Deviation
2.3244
1.8961
2.5631
3.4408
Mean SCORE
8
6
4
2
0
Group 1
Group 2
GROUP
Group 3
SCORE * GROUP
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
(Combined)
Linearity
Deviation from Linearity
Sum of
Squares
163.319
155.480
7.840
108.974
272.293
df
2
1
1
21
23
Mean Square
81.660
155.480
7.840
5.189
F
15.736
29.962
1.511
Sig.
.000
.000
.233