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Waste Stabilization

Ponds and Lagoons


MATA KULIAH SATUAN PROSES
DISIAPKAN OLEH : Dr. DAVID ANDRIO, M.Sc

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

Stabilization ponds or lagoons :


treatment facility.

the most common industrial wastewater

This versatile installation serves many basic purposes, including:


a. storage or impoundment of wastewater;
b. settling and removal of suspended solids;
c. storage or impoundment of settled solids;
d. equalization;
e. aeration;
f. biological treatment; and
g. evaporation

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

The main advantages and disadvantages of stabilization pond are listed below (1) :

A. Advantages :
1. Low operational and maintenance cost,
2. Lagoons provide effective treatment with minimal threat to the environment
3. Work well in clay soils where conventional subsurface on-site absorption fields will not work.

B. Disadvantages
1. Lagoons must be constructed in clay soil or be lined to prevent leakage
2. May overflow occasionally during extended periods of heavy rainfall
3. If there are extended periods of overcast windless days, offensive odors may occur for a brief
time
4. Can not be installed on a small lot. Takes up a relatively large space
5. Lagoons are not aesthetically acceptable to some people. Some people consider lagoons unsightly
and unsafe.
6. As with any other open body of water, there is some potential danger. Although lagoons are
required to be fenced, this does not always prevent access by people or pets.
(2) treatment systems in the general category of stabilization ponds usually serve small
communities of whom 90% have populations of 10,000 persons or fewer (US EPA SURVEY)

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.1. Pond Ecology and Process Reactions

complicated reactions both chemically and biologically often occur in a pond.

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.1. Pond Ecology and Process Reactions

Major processes can be identified in active stabilization ponds:


1. Sedimentation
2. aerobic decomposition
3. anaerobic fermentation
4. bacterial algal symbiosis
5. oxygen transfer across the water surface
6. Sulfur bacteria actions
7. evaporation, and
8. seepage

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.1. Pond Ecology and Process Reactions


1. Sedimentation

Precipitation : suspended matter from incoming wastewater and fecal matter


from worms and insects. Precipitation can be enhanced significantly by chemical
and biological flocculation in the pond.

Vigorous photosynthetic actions by algal cells result in a rise of pH, promoting


the formation of calcium and magnesium flocs in the alkaline condition.

From 80 to 90% of suspended matter can be precipitated in a few hours,


depending on the temperature, hydraulic flow regime, and depth of a pond.

The bioflocculation of synthesized bacterial cells and algal cells also constitute
a part of the sedimentation regime.

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.1. Pond Ecology and Process Reactions


2. aerobic decomposition

At DO at 0.1 to 0.2 mg/L, aerobic oxidation of biodegradable organics will take


place in the pond similar to that in an activated sludge process.

Nitrification can take place in an activated sludge process, because ammonia is


readily used by algae for growth.

At high pH, nitrogen stripping or precipitation as MgNH 4PO4 could also take place
before nitrification can become established.

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.1. Pond Ecology and Process Reactions


3. anaerobic fermentation

Anaerobic decomposition of organic matter takes place in an established


anaerobic zone in a pond. Both acid and alkaline fermentation occur
concurrently to yield gases H2S, CH4, H2, N2, etc. that may escape the pond.

Odor production is often accompanied by a vigorous fermentation at high


temperature and in the presence of high organic loading rates.

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.1. Pond Ecology and Process Reactions


4. bacterial algal symbiosis
Optimal condition for photosynthetic algae growth abundance much more
O2 aerobic processes

Symbiosis occurs : turbidity of pond water is low and sunlight is plentiful.


Photosynthetic action in the upper zone of the pond, algae grow in abundance,
could supersaturate the zone with molecular oxygen. Abundant of oxygen
supports the active aerobic oxidation by bacteria that in turn yield the inorganic
nutrients NH3, PO34 , and CO2 in particular, to meet the demand in algal growth.

CO2 sources : CO2 as an end product of bacterial oxidation and fermentation,


from the atmosphere and from the inorganic carbon species in the CO 2 - HCO3 CO23 system. A vigorous photosynthetic activity may lead to rapid depletion of
CO2 and a consequent rise of pH in the pond.
7.6CO2 + 17.7H2O + HN+4 C7H8.1O2.5N + 7.6 O2 + 15.2 H2O + H+

2.3 g of CO2 are required for every gram of algal cell synthesized and 1.67 g O2

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.1. Pond Ecology and Process Reactions


5. oxygen transfer across the water surface

O2 can escape the pond and more often than not

The rate of O2 transfer depends on the deficit (or surplus if oversaturation).The


rate constant K2 can be expressed in the following form:
K2 = (1/t) log (Cs C)/(Cs C0)
where t = time, Cs = saturation concentration,
C = concentration at any time, C0 = initial O2 concentration,
and K2 = rate constant.

When Cs > C > C0, K2 is a reaeration constant.

When Cs < C < C0, K2 is a deaeration constant (oxygen stripping).

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.1. Pond Ecology and Process Reactions


5. oxygen transfer across the water surface

It is difficult to evaluate the rate constant K, because it is a function of surface


renewal and temperature.

Ekman has developed empirical formulations for wind-induced current velocity


and depth of circulation as follows :
P = V0/W = 0.0127sin,

D/W = 11.1sin

V0 = surface-current velocity caused by the wind


W = wind speed;
(V0/W) = is a term called proportional surface velocity of the water (with
observed magnitudes of p lies between 1 102 and 5 102 a function of
latitude:
D circulation depth or depth of frictional resistance.

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.1. Pond Ecology and Process Reactions


5. oxygen transfer across the water surface

Knowing both p and D, the following equations according to Fair can be used for
estimation of the reaeration constant K2;
G2 = 93 103(pW)3/(gF)

K2 = 29G3/D

W = wind speed in miles/hr; F = the fetch in miles; = the absolute viscosity


with both and g in ft-lb-s units; G = the mean temporal velocity gradient (s1);
D = the circulation depth in ft.

oxygen transfer coefficient KL as a function of wind speed as follows (Bank) :


KL = kUm

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.1. Pond Ecology and Process Reactions


6. Sulfur bacteria actions
aerobic oxidation of sulfur compounds in wastewater produces sulfate, whereas
anaerobic bacteria reduce sulfate to sulfide.

Desulfovibrio sp. whose optimal growth occurs at pH 7.0 and ORP (oxidation
reduction potential) at 100 to 300 mV and not grow at potentials higher
than
+27 mV

Sulfides can be oxidized using either molecular oxygen or CO2 as the hydrogen
acceptor. The oxidation of sulfide is carried out in two steps in the absence of
oxygen:
CO2 + 2H2S(CH2O) + H2O + 2S
3CO2 + 2S + 5H2O(CH2O) + 4H+ + 2SO24

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.1. Pond Ecology and Process Reactions


7. Evaporation

Rates of evaporation from ponds vary with temperature, vapor pressures of the
water and the air in contact with it, wind speed, barometric pressure, and the
salt content of water
E

= 0.497(1 1.32 102Pa)(1 + 0.268W)(V v)

= evaporation (in/d)

Pa = barometric pressure (inch of mercury)


W = wind speed (miles/hr)
V

= vapor pressures (inch of mercury) at the water temperature

= vapor pressures (inch of mercury) at the dewpoint temperature of the


atmosphere

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.1. Pond Ecology and Process Reactions


8. seepage

Can be substantial depending on : wastewater quality and soil characteristics


The seepage flow should be stopped if the quality of a nearby ground water
supply is threatened.

water losses in anaerobic ponds constructed on sandy soils :


Hart : In ponds 7 ft deep, the infiltration rate ranged from 6.6 cm/d at an early
stage of the operation to 4.1 cm/d 2 years later.
Davis : stabilization ponds treating dairy wastes, infiltration rate of 122 cm/d
in the beginning. The rate dropped to 0.5 cm/d after 4 months of operation.

physical entrapment of organic particulates in the pores of soil followed by the


growth of slime-forming microorganisms. Sodium adsorption ratio of the
wastewater can influence the permeability of stabilization pond soils. The
sodium adsorption ratio is defined by US Salinity Laboratory as follows:

SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) = [Na+]/{0.5[Ca2+] + 0.5[Mg2+]}0.5

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.2. Biology of Stabilization Ponds


Depends on : the type of stabilization pond, the influent wastewater
characteristics, the time of the day, and the season of the year. Because of
limited control in operation, variations of biological population in stabilization
ponds are much more apparent than in any other biological process.

1.2.1. Bacterial Population

stabilization ponds are operated at a very low bacterial population

Coli-aerogenes group is predominant in stabilization ponds. Achromobacter,


Pseudomonas, and Flavobacterium are dominant in an aerobic pond, accounting
for 90% of the total bacterial count.

Desulfovibrio sp. are abundant in stabilization ponds when substantial amounts


of sulfate are present in wastewater. The Chlorobacteriacea and the purple
Thirohodaceae then oxidize H2S to sulfur elements and sulfates in the presence
of light.

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.2. Biology of Stabilization Ponds


1.2.2. Algal Population
varies from one pond to another, 15 million/mL

Green algae usually dominate because they can adapt better to environmental
changes such as extreme temperature and dissolved oxygen

In most ponds, coccoid green algae and green flagellates dominate the plankton
throughout the year, while pennate diatoms and filamentous blue-green algae
dominate the benthic flora

1.2.3. Zooplankton and Insects

Protozoa and rotifers can be found abundantly following significant increase of


bacterial and algal population. help to stabilize the prey population and
therefore the treatment performance.

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.3. Classification of Stabilization Ponds

According to the type of biological transformation and methods of oxygen supply:

1. Anaerobic Ponds

These are deep ponds where anoxic condition prevails throughout. Organic
loadings are very high and BOD removal is limited to 80% or below. Further
treatment of the anaerobic pond effluent by aerobic ponds is usually required.

2. Facultative Ponds

Facultative ponds receive medium to low organic loadings. Generally they are 8
ft deep or shallower. The bottom layer is usually anaerobic, but the surface
layer is kept aerobic through photosynthesis and surface reaeration. BOD removal
is higher than that of anaerobic ponds.

3. Aerated Lagoons

4. High-Rate Aerobic Ponds

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.3. Classification of Stabilization Ponds

According to the type of biological transformation and methods of oxygen supply:

3. Aerated Lagoons

Oxygen supply : relies almost completely on mechanical aeration devices. Either


air diffusion or mechanical aeration can be used.

Depending on the power level used for aeration :

A. as aerobic lagoons : lagoons.With power levels at 0.03 hp/1000 gal (6W/m3)


or above

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.3. Classification of Stabilization Ponds

According to the type of biological transformation and methods of oxygen supply:

3. Aerated Lagoons
B. aerobic-anaerobic lagoons :
lower power levels, an anoxic bottom layer can be expected;

equivalent to a facultative pond, except that the former uses mechanical


aeration for oxygen
supply;
usually are deeper than facultative ponds and receive medium to high organic
loadings;
Treatment efficiency can be very high;
The
mixing characteristic that separates aerobic (near complete mix) to
aerobicanaerobic (poorly mixed) is more dependent upon the pond geometric
parameters than upon operating parameters such as horsepower input.

1. CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

1.3. Classification of Stabilization Ponds

According to the type of biological transformation and methods of oxygen supply:

4. High-Rate Aerobic Ponds


These are shallow ponds of only 12 to 18 in. working depth.

Light penetration is essential to maximize algal production in which the


bacterial-algal symbiosis affects BOD and nutrient removal.
Very high organic loading is allowable with good BOD removal. There are also
stabilization ponds called tertiary ponds, multiple stage ponds, and integrated
ponds.

2. SYSTEM VARIABLES AND CONTROL


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

The time lag depends on the degree of mixing in the pond and seasonal variation
of temperature, low concentrations of biological solid

The sludge age is identical to the hydraulic detention time because no sludge
recycle is practiced

A material balance around a pond taken as a complete-mix reactor will yield the
following:
dS/dt (V) = QS0 QS kSV

the rate change of substance concentration S in a pond of liquid volume V is


equal to the rate of substrate inflow (Q = flow rate, So = influent substrate
concentration) minus the rate of substrate outflow (S = outflow substrate
concentration, which is identical to the substrate concentration in the pond),
minus the rate of substrate removal (k = substrate removal rate constant).

Steady state : S/So = 1/{1 + k(V/Q)} = 1/(1 + kt), t = hid. detention time

Si/Si1 = 1/(1 + kiti) multiple-stage ponds in series results in

2. SYSTEM VARIABLES AND CONTROL


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

2. SYSTEM VARIABLES AND CONTROL


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

2.2. Oxygen Supply

Major sources of oxygen supply in practice are (a) mechanical aeration and (b)
photosynthetic oxygenation.

Oxygen is also consumed in the presence of H2S gas emitted from zones of
anaerobic decomposition in the pond. H2S + 2O2 H2SO4

The overall photosynthetic efficiency E then can be calculated as:

critical photosynthetic efficiency necessary to provide enough O2 to meet the


BOD loading given by Oswald :

2. SYSTEM VARIABLES AND CONTROL


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

2.2. Oxygen Supply

2. SYSTEM VARIABLES AND CONTROL


STABILIZATION PONDS OR LAGOONS

2.3. Temperature Effect

kT = k20(T20)

The value of the temperature coefficient :

2.3.2. Heat Loss and Heat Conservation

Heat loss consists of heat loss evaporation He, convection Hc, and radiation Hr
According to Barnhart : H = He + Hc + Hr
He = 0.00722 HvC(1 0.1W)(Vw Va)
Hc = (0.8 + 0.32 W/2)(Tw Ta) (34)
Hr = 0.1(Tw Ta)

Hv is the latent heat of vaporization; C is a constant characteristic of the pond; W


is mean wind velocity; Vw is vapor pressure at water surface, in. Hg; Va is vapor
pressure in atmosphere, in. Hg; Tw is pond water temperature, F; Ta is air
temperature, F.

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