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Kuliah 3 Waste Stabilization Ponds and Lagoons
Kuliah 3 Waste Stabilization Ponds and Lagoons
The main advantages and disadvantages of stabilization pond are listed below (1) :
A. Advantages :
1. Low operational and maintenance cost,
2. Lagoons provide effective treatment with minimal threat to the environment
3. Work well in clay soils where conventional subsurface on-site absorption fields will not work.
B. Disadvantages
1. Lagoons must be constructed in clay soil or be lined to prevent leakage
2. May overflow occasionally during extended periods of heavy rainfall
3. If there are extended periods of overcast windless days, offensive odors may occur for a brief
time
4. Can not be installed on a small lot. Takes up a relatively large space
5. Lagoons are not aesthetically acceptable to some people. Some people consider lagoons unsightly
and unsafe.
6. As with any other open body of water, there is some potential danger. Although lagoons are
required to be fenced, this does not always prevent access by people or pets.
(2) treatment systems in the general category of stabilization ponds usually serve small
communities of whom 90% have populations of 10,000 persons or fewer (US EPA SURVEY)
The bioflocculation of synthesized bacterial cells and algal cells also constitute
a part of the sedimentation regime.
At high pH, nitrogen stripping or precipitation as MgNH 4PO4 could also take place
before nitrification can become established.
2.3 g of CO2 are required for every gram of algal cell synthesized and 1.67 g O2
D/W = 11.1sin
Knowing both p and D, the following equations according to Fair can be used for
estimation of the reaeration constant K2;
G2 = 93 103(pW)3/(gF)
K2 = 29G3/D
Desulfovibrio sp. whose optimal growth occurs at pH 7.0 and ORP (oxidation
reduction potential) at 100 to 300 mV and not grow at potentials higher
than
+27 mV
Sulfides can be oxidized using either molecular oxygen or CO2 as the hydrogen
acceptor. The oxidation of sulfide is carried out in two steps in the absence of
oxygen:
CO2 + 2H2S(CH2O) + H2O + 2S
3CO2 + 2S + 5H2O(CH2O) + 4H+ + 2SO24
Rates of evaporation from ponds vary with temperature, vapor pressures of the
water and the air in contact with it, wind speed, barometric pressure, and the
salt content of water
E
= evaporation (in/d)
Green algae usually dominate because they can adapt better to environmental
changes such as extreme temperature and dissolved oxygen
In most ponds, coccoid green algae and green flagellates dominate the plankton
throughout the year, while pennate diatoms and filamentous blue-green algae
dominate the benthic flora
1. Anaerobic Ponds
These are deep ponds where anoxic condition prevails throughout. Organic
loadings are very high and BOD removal is limited to 80% or below. Further
treatment of the anaerobic pond effluent by aerobic ponds is usually required.
2. Facultative Ponds
Facultative ponds receive medium to low organic loadings. Generally they are 8
ft deep or shallower. The bottom layer is usually anaerobic, but the surface
layer is kept aerobic through photosynthesis and surface reaeration. BOD removal
is higher than that of anaerobic ponds.
3. Aerated Lagoons
3. Aerated Lagoons
3. Aerated Lagoons
B. aerobic-anaerobic lagoons :
lower power levels, an anoxic bottom layer can be expected;
The time lag depends on the degree of mixing in the pond and seasonal variation
of temperature, low concentrations of biological solid
The sludge age is identical to the hydraulic detention time because no sludge
recycle is practiced
A material balance around a pond taken as a complete-mix reactor will yield the
following:
dS/dt (V) = QS0 QS kSV
Steady state : S/So = 1/{1 + k(V/Q)} = 1/(1 + kt), t = hid. detention time
Major sources of oxygen supply in practice are (a) mechanical aeration and (b)
photosynthetic oxygenation.
Oxygen is also consumed in the presence of H2S gas emitted from zones of
anaerobic decomposition in the pond. H2S + 2O2 H2SO4
kT = k20(T20)
Heat loss consists of heat loss evaporation He, convection Hc, and radiation Hr
According to Barnhart : H = He + Hc + Hr
He = 0.00722 HvC(1 0.1W)(Vw Va)
Hc = (0.8 + 0.32 W/2)(Tw Ta) (34)
Hr = 0.1(Tw Ta)