Electrical Motor

Introduction

an electro-mechanical
device that converts
electrical energy to
mechanical energy

In simple words, a
device that produces
rotational force

The very basic principal

of functioning of an
electrical motor lies
on the fact that force is
experienced in the
direction perpendicular
to magnetic field and
the current, when field
and current are made
to interact with each
other.

DC Motor

1. Stator The static part that houses the field windings and receives the supply
2. Rotor The rotating part that brings about the mechanical rotations
3. Field Winding of DC Motor - basically form an electromagnet, that produces field flux within which
the rotor armature of the dc motor rotates, and results in the effective flux cutting.
4. Armature Winding
5. Commutator of DC Motor -cylindrical structure made up of copper segments stacked together, but
insulated from each other by mica - main function to commute or relay the supply current from the
mains to the armature winding housed over a rotating structure through the brushes of dc motor.
6. Brushes - made with carbon or graphite structures, making sliding contact over the rotating
commutator -are used to relay the current from external circuit to the rotating commutator form
where it flows into the armature winding
The commutator and brush unit of the dc motor is concerned with transmitting the power from the static
electrical circuit to the mechanically rotating region or the rotor.

Operating Principle of DC Motor

Flemings left hand rule:
if we extend the index
finger, middle finger and
thumb of our left hand in
such a way that the current
carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field
(represented by the index
finger) is perpendicular to
the direction of current
(represented by the middle
finger), then the conductor
experiences a force in the
direction (represented by
the thumb) mutually
perpendicular to both the
direction of field and the
current in the conductor.

 the supply voltage E and current I is given to

the electrical port or the input port and we
derive the mechanical output i.e. torque T
and speed from the mechanical port or
output port.
The input and output port variables of the
direct current motor are related by the
parameter K.

 The direct current motor is represented by the circle in the center, on which is mounted the
brushes, where we connect the external terminals, from where supply voltage is given.
On the mechanical terminal we have a shaft coming out of the Motor, and connected to the
armature, and the armature-shaft is coupled to the mechanical load.
On the supply terminals we represent the armature resistance R a in series.
Now, let the input voltage E, is applied across the brushes- Electric current which flows through
the rotor armature via brushes, in presence of the magnetic field, produces a torque T g - Due to
this torque Tg the dc motor armature rotates
Back emf:
As the armature conductors are carrying currents and the armature rotates inside the stator magnetic field, it
also produces an emf Eb in the manner very similar to that of a generator.
The generated Emf Eb is directed opposite to the supplied voltage
Eb is proportional to speed N. That is whenever a direct current motor rotates, it results in the generation of
back Emf. Now lets represent the rotor speed by in rad/sec. So E b is proportional to .
when the speed of the motor is reduced by the application of load, E b decreases. Thus the voltage difference
between supply voltage and back emf increases that means E E b increases. Due to this increased voltage
difference, armature current will increase and therefore torque and hence speed increases.

Synchronous Motor
When a 3 phase electric conductors are placed in a certain geometrical positions
(In certain angle from one another) there is an electrical field generate - the
rotating magnetic field rotates at a certain speed called synchronous speed.

if an electromagnet is present in this rotating magnetic field, the electromagnet is

magnetically locked with this rotating magnetic field and rotates with same speed
of rotating field.
Synchronous motors is called so because the speed of the rotor of this motor is
same as the rotating magnetic field.
It is basically a fixed speed motor because it has only one speed, which is
synchronous speed and therefore no intermediate speed is there or in other words
its in synchronism with the supply frequency
This motor has the unique characteristics of operating under any electrical power
factor. This makes it being used in electrical power factor improvement.
is a doubly excited machine
it is not self starting
To overcome this inertia, rotor is initially fed some mechanical input which rotates it in same
direction as magnetic field to a speed very close to synchronous speed. After some time
magnetic locking occurs and the synchronous motor rotates in synchronism with the
frequency.

 Application of Synchronous Motor

Synchronous motor having no load connected to its
shaft is used for power factor improvement. Owing to
its characteristics to behave at any electrical power
factor, it is used in power system in situations where
static capacitors are expensive.
Synchronous motor finds application where operating
speed is less (around 500 rpm) and high power is
required. For power requirement from 35 kW to 2500
KW, the size, weight and cost of the corresponding
three phase induction motor is very high. Hence these
motors are preferably used. Ex- Reciprocating pump,
compressor, rolling mills etc.

Three Phase Induction Motor

Construction
Stator:
is made up of numbers of slots to construct a 3 phase winding circuit which is connected to 3 phase AC source.
The three phase winding are arranged in such a manner in the slots that they produce a rotating magnetic field after AC is given to them.

Rotor:
consists of cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots that can carry conductors.
Conductors are heavy copper or aluminum bars which fits in each slots & they are short circuited by the end rings.
The slots are not exactly made parallel to the axis of the shaft but are slotted a little skewed because this arrangement reduces magnetic
humming noise & can avoid stalling of motor

Production of Rotating Magnetic Field

The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical angle of 120.
When the primary winding or the stator is connected to a 3 phase AC source, it establishes a rotating magnetic field
which rotates at the synchronous speed.
According to Faradays law an emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage through
the circuit.
As the rotor winding in an induction motor are either closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by end
ring, and cut the stator rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor copper bar and due to this emf a current
flows through the rotor conductor.
This motor is also called as asynchronous motor because it runs at a speed less than synchronous speed.
the relative velocity between the rotating flux and static rotor conductor is the cause of current generation; hence as
per Lenz's law the rotor will rotate in the same direction to reduce the cause i.e. the relative velocity.

Three Phase Induction Motor is Self Starting

In three phase system, there are three single phase line with 120 phase difference. So the rotating magnetic field is
having the same phase difference which will make the rotor to move. If we consider three phases a, b and c, when
phase a is magnetized, the rotor will move towards the phase a winding, in the next moment phase b will get
magnetized and it will attract the rotor and than phase c. So the rotor will continue to rotate.

The speed of induction motor is given by,

Where N is the speed of rotor of induction motor, N s is the synchronous speed, S is the slip.

Types
Squirrel cage induction motor
Slip ring induction motor

 Two important attributes relating to efficiency of electricity

use by A.C. Induction motors are
efficiency (), defined as the ratio of the mechanical energy
delivered at the rotating shaft to the electrical energy input at its
terminals,
power factor (PF)
a high value for and a PF close to unity are desired for efficient
overall operation in a plant.
Squirrel cage motors are normally more efficient than slip-ring
motors
Higher-speed motors are normally more efficient than lower-speed
motors.
Efficiency is also a function of motor temperature.
Totally-enclosed, fan-cooled (TEFC) motors are more efficient than screen
protected, drip-proof (SPDP) motors.

With most equipment, motor efficiency increases with the

rated capacity.

Motor efficiency
The efficiency of a motor is determined by intrinsic losses
that can be reduced only by changes in motor design.
Intrinsic losses are of two types: fixed losses - independent of motor
load, and variable losses - dependent on load.
Fixed losses
consist of magnetic core losses and friction and windage losses.
Magnetic core losses (sometimes called iron losses) consist of eddy current
and hysteresis losses in the stator vary with the core material and
geometry and with input voltage.
Friction and windage losses are caused by friction in the bearings of the
motor and aerodynamic losses associated with the ventilation fan and other
rotating parts.

Variable losses
consist of resistance losses in the stator and in the rotor and
miscellaneous stray losses.
Resistance to current flow in the stator and rotor result in heat generation
that is proportional to the resistance of the material and the square of the
current (I R).
Stray losses arise from a variety of sources and are difficult to either
measure directly or to calculate, but are generally proportional to the square
of the rotor current.
2

Let, Pin = electrical power supplied to the stator of three phase induction motor,
VL = line voltage supplied to the stator of three phase induction motor,
IL = line current,
Cos = power factor of the three phase induction motor.
Electrical power input to the stator, Pin = 3VLILcos
A part of this power input is used to supply stator losses which are stator iron loss and stator copper
loss. The remaining power i.e ( input electrical power stator losses ) are supplied to rotor as rotor
input.
So, rotor input P2 = Pin stator losses (stator copper loss and stator iron loss).
Now, the rotor has to convert this rotor input into mechanical energy but this complete input cannot be
converted into mechanical output as it has to supply rotor losses. As explained earlier the rotor losses
are of two types rotor iron loss and rotor copper loss. Since the iron loss depends upon the rotor
frequency, which is very small when the rotor rotates, so it is usually neglected. So, the rotor has only
rotor copper loss. Therefore the rotor input has to supply these rotor copper losses. After supplying
the rotor copper losses, the remaining part of Rotor input, P2 is converted into mechanical power, Pm.

Let Pc be the rotor copper loss,

I2 be the rotor current under running condition,
R2 is the rotor resistance,
Pm is the gross mechanical power developed.
Pc = 3I22R2
Pm = P2 Pc
Now this mechanical power developed is given to the load by the shaft but there occur some
mechanical losses like friction and windage losses. So, the gross mechanical power developed has to
supplied these losses. Therefore the net output power developed at the shaft, which is finally given to
the load is Pout.
Pout = Pm Mechanical losses (friction and windage losses).

Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the output to that of input,

Rotor efficiency of the three phase induction motor

= gross mechanical power developed /

rotor input

Three phase induction motor efficiency,

Field Tests for Determining Efficiency

No Load Test:
The motor is run at rated voltage and frequency without any shaft load.
Input power, current, frequency and voltage are noted.
From the input power, stator I2R losses under no load are subtracted to give the sum
of Friction and Windage (F&W) and core losses.
To separate core and F & W losses, test is repeated at variable voltages.
F&W and core losses = No load power (watts) - (No load current) 2 Stator resistance

Stator and Rotor I2R Losses:

The resistance must be corrected to the operating temperature.
For modern motors, the operating temperature is likely to be in the range of 100C
to 120C and necessary correction should be made.
The correction factor is

The rotor resistance can be determined from locked rotor test at reduced frequency,
but rotor I2R losses are measured from measurement of rotor slip.
Rotor I2R losses = Slip (Stator Input Stator I 2R Losses Core Loss)
Accurate measurement of slip is possible by stroboscope or non-contact type tachometer.
Slip also must be corrected to operating temperature.

Stray Load Losses:

These losses are difficult to measure with any accuracy.
IEEE Standard 112 gives a complicated method, which is rarely used on
shop floor.
IS and IEC standards take a fixed value as 0.5 % of input. The actual
value of stray losses is likely to be more.
IEEE 112 specifies values from 0.9 % to 1.8 %

Estimation of efficiency in the field can be done as follows:

Measure stator resistance and correct to operating temperature.

From rated current value , I2R losses are calculated.
From rated speed and output, rotor I2R losses are calculated
From no load test, core and F & W losses are determined for stray
loss