To Study Load Flow and Transient Analysis

Load Flow Analysis

LFA is a Numerical Analysis of the Electric Power Flow in
an interconnected system.
LFA uses a One-Line Diagram and Per-Unit system.
It focuses on various aspects of AC power parameters,
such as Voltages, Voltage angles, Real power and
Reactive power.
It analyzes the power systems in normal Steady-State
Operation

Load Flow Analysis

Why Run Load Flows:

To Check Loading ,Active and Reactive Losses and Voltage Profile in a

Network.
Are there any Overloaded elements? Are the Voltage constraints respected?
When to Perform Load Flows:
a) Network Planning and Operation.
b) Generation Scheduling and Optimization.
c) Steady State initial Conditions for Short Circuit Analysis and Stability
Conditions.

Power-Flow Problem Formulation

The goal of a Load-flow study is to determine the Magnitude and
Phase Angle of Voltages at each bus, and Active and Reactive Power
Flow in each Line..
Once this information is known, Real and Reactive
power Losses in each branch as well as Generator
Reactive Power Output can be analytically determined.
Due to the Nonlinear nature of this problem, Numerical
methods are employed to obtain a solution that is within
an acceptable tolerance.

Bus Variables
Four quantities are associated with each Bus.
a. Voltage Magnitude |V|
b. Voltage Phase Angle
c. Real Power (R )
d. Reactive Power ( Q )

Classification of System Buses

Load Bus : Active and Reactive Powers are specified at

these buses. The magnitude and Phase Angle of Voltages

are Unknown. These buses are also called P-Q Buses.

Generator Bus: A bus with at least one generator connected

to it is called a Generator Bus or PV Bus. For Generator Buses, it

is assumed that the Real Power GeneratedPGand the Voltage
magnitude |V| are known. The Phase angle of voltages and
Reactive Power are to be determined. The limits on the
value of Reactive power are also specified.

Slack Bus: is also known as Swing bus, is taken as reference

where the phase angle of voltage and Phase are specified.

Solution to the Power-Flow Problem

The solution to the power-flow problem begins with identifying
the Known and Unknown variables in the system.
The Known and Unknown variables are dependent on the type of
BUS.
A bus without any Generators connected to it is called a Load
Bus or PQ Bus. It is assumed that the Real powerPDand
Reactive PowerQDat each Load Bus are known.
A bus with at least one generator connected to it is called a
Generator Bus or PV Bus. For Generator Buses, it is assumed

Known

and Unknown Variables

It is assumed that the Real powerPDand Reactive PowerQDat

each Load Bus are known. For each Load Bus, both the voltage
magnitude and Voltage angle are Unknown.
For Generator Buses, it is assumed that the Real Power
GeneratedPGand the Voltage magnitude |V| is known. for each
Generator Bus, the voltage angle and Reactive Power must be
solved for.
For the Slack Bus, it is assumed that the voltage magnitude |V|
and voltage phaseare known. There are no variables that
must be solved for the Slack Bus

Power Flow Analysis Assumption

Steady State
Balanced Single Phase Network
Network may contain hundreds of Nodes and Branches
with Impedance X specified in per unit on MVA base.

Power Flow Equations

Bus Admittance Matrix of node-voltage
equation is formulated.
Currents can be expressed in terms of
Voltages.
Resulting equation can be in terms of
Power in MW.

US ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Nodal Solution is based on the
Kirchhoffs current law
Impedance is converted to
Admittance

BUS ADMITTANCE
MATRIX

Admittance is based on Busto-Bus

If no Connection between Bus-to-Bus,

leave as zero
Node Voltage equation is in the form

 Node-Voltage Matrix

Node-Voltage Matrix

Solution for Non-Linear

Algebraic Equations

Different Iterative techniques can be used for Solving

Non-linear Equations
a. Gauss-Siedal
b. Newton-Raphson
c. Quasi-Newton

Solution for Non-Linear

Algebraic Equations
Gauss-Siedal Method :
a. It needs Many Iterations to achieve Desired

Accuracy.

b. No guarantee for the Convergence ,depend on

the location of Initial Estimate.

Newton Raphson Method

Newton Raphson Method

Newton Raphson Method

Newton Raphson method for solving n variable

Newton Raphson Method

Newton Raphson Method for n Dimensions

Newton Raphson Method for n Dimensions

Line Flows and Losses

Newton-Raphson Power Flow

Newton-Raphson Power Flow

Newton-Raphson Power Flow

Newton-Raphson Power Flow

Newton-Raphson Power Flow

Node-Voltage Matrix