Introduction to networks

and networking concepts

By
Amit Kr. Bhardwaj
 Ancient methods
• Horse rider
• Pigeons
• Drum bitter
Data communication
 Data communication
Components
• Sender
• Message
• Transmission Medium
• Receiver
• Protocols
 Data types
• Text
• Number
• Image
• Audio
• video
 Data flow
• Simplex
• Half duplex
• Full duplex
 What is networking

• Connecting computers to share

information and resources
• Complex and varied technology
• Many choices for physical
connections and related software
 Basic factors needing
considering in Networking
(data Comm.)
• The cost
• Clarity
• Time response
• The message should reach safe
secured
• Should deliver to right person
 Network

• A network can be classified either as

a telephone network or computer
network.
 Telephone Network
• A telephone network, more commonly known
as a telecommunications network, is a group
of telephones and associated devices, such
as answering machines and faxes, that are
connected by communications facilities. A
telephone network can involve permanent
connections, such as telephone wires and
trunks,* cables, or temporary connections
made through telephones or other
communication links.
Two-level switched network
Switching center hierarchy
The Computer Network
Networking fundamentals
LANs and WANs
 Computer network
• an interconnection of a
group of computers
• A network is basically all
of the components
(hardware and software)
involved in connecting
computers across small
and large distances.
Networks are used to
provide easy access to
information, thus
increasing productivity
for users.
 Computer Network
classification
• By scale
• By network topology
• By connection method
• By functional relationship
(Network Architectures)
• By protocol
 By Scale
• Personal area network (PAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Campus Area Network (CAN)
• Metropolitan area network (MAN)
• Wide area network (WAN)
• Global Area Network (GAN)
 Personal Area Network
(PAN)
• A personal area network (PAN) is a computer
network used for communication among computer
devices close to one person.
• Some examples of devices that may be used in a
PAN are printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs or
scanners.
• The reach of a PAN is typically within about 20-30
feet (approximately 4-6 Meters).
• PANs can be used for communication among the
individual devices (intrapersonal communication),
or for connecting to a higher level network and the
Internet (an uplink).
• Personal area networks may be wired with
computer buses such as USB.
• A wireless personal area network (WPAN) can also
be made possible with network technologies such
as IrDA and Bluetooth.
 Advantages of a Networked
Office
Using Microsoft Windows 95/98/ME/2000/XP

• Software
• Printers
• Internet
 Local Area Network (LAN)
• A network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or
building.
• much higher data transfer rates, smaller geographic range, and lack
of a need for leased telecommunication lines.
• Current LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology. For
example, a library will have a wired or wireless LAN for users to
interconnect local devices (e.g., printers and servers) connect to the
internet. All of the PCs in the library are connected by category 5
(Cat5) cable, running the IEEE 802.3 protocol through a system of
interconnection devices and eventually connect to the internet.
• The cables to the servers are on Cat 5e enhanced cable, which will
support IEEE 802.3 at 1 Gbps.
• All user computers can get to the Internet and the card catalog.
• Each workgroup can get to its local printer. Note that the printers are
not accessible from outside their workgroup.
• Example: Ethernet/802.3, Token Ring and FDDI
 Advantages of a Networked
Office
Using Microsoft Windows 2003
• Domain Controller
1. Authentication
2. Logging
3. Security
• Centralizations
1. Dedicated File
Server
2. Redundancy
3. Disaster
Recovery
4. Virus Scanning
 Campus Area Network
(CAN)
• A network that connects two or more
LANs but that is limited to a specific
and contiguous geographical area
such as a college campus, industrial
complex, or a military base.
• A CAN, may be considered a type of
MAN (metropolitan area network), but
is generally limited to an area that is
smaller than a typical MAN.
 Metropolitan Area Network
• A MAN is optimized for a(MAN)
larger geographical area than is a LAN,
ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities.
• MANs can also depend on communications channels of moderate-to-
high data rates.
• A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it
usually will be used by many individuals and organizations.
• MANs might also be owned and operated as public utilities.
• They will often provide means for internetworking of local networks.
• Metropolitan area networks can span up to 50km, devices used are
modem and wire/cable.
• A Metropolitan Area Network is a network that connects two or more
Local Area Networks or Campus Area Networks together but does not
extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate town, city, or
metropolitan area. Multiple routers, switches & hubs are connected
to create a MAN.
• Some technologies used for this purpose are ATM, FDDI.
• MAN links between LANs have been built without cables using either microwave,
radio, or infra-red laser links.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
• A WAN is a data communications network
that covers a relatively broad geographic
area (i.e. one city to another and one
country to another country) and that often
uses transmission facilities provided by
common carriers, such as telephone
companies.
• WAN technologies generally function at
the lower three layers of the OSI reference
model: the physical layer, the data link
layer, and the network layer.
Global Area Network (GAN)

• Global area networks (GAN) specifications

are in development by several groups, and
there is no common definition.
• In general, however, a GAN is a model for
supporting mobile communications across
an arbitrary number of wireless LANs,
satellite coverage areas, etc.
• The key challenge in mobile
communications is "handing off" the user
communications from one local coverage
area to the next
 three variants of
internetwork
• Intranet
• Extranet
• "The" Internet
 Intranet
• An intranet is a set of interconnected
networks, using the Internet Protocol and
uses IP-based tools such as web browsers,
that is under the control of a single
administrative entity. That administrative
entity closes the intranet to the rest of the
world, and allows only specific users. Most
commonly, an intranet is the internal
network of a company or other enterprise.
 Intranet
• It may consist of LAN or many
interlinked LANs or It may use leased
lines in the Wide Area Network (WAN).
• An intranet is a private, secure
Website that enables users to share
documents, calendars, and other
information within a business. An
intranet is often hosted and
maintained on company servers and
can only be accessed by internal
employees.
• The main purpose of an intranet is
to share company information and
computing resources among
employees.
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 extranet
• An extranet is a network or internetwork that is
limited in scope to a single organization or
entity but which also has limited connections to
the networks of one or more other usually, but
not necessarily, trusted organizations or entities
(e.g. a company's customers may be given
access to some part of its intranet creating in
this way an extranet, while at the same time the
customers may not be considered 'trusted' from
a security standpoint). Technically, an extranet
may also be categorized as a CAN, MAN, WAN,
or other type of network, although, by
definition, an extranet cannot consist of a single
LAN; it must have at least one connection with
an external network.
 Extranet
• An extranet is an intranet that is
partially accessible to authorized
outsiders.

• only valid users are allowed

• An extranet is a collaborative
network that share common
goals between parties.

• The key to the success of an

Extranet are the dual concepts of
security and easy access to some
corporate data.
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 Internetwork
• Two or more networks or network
segments connected using devices that
operate at layer 3 (the 'network' layer) of
the OSI Basic Reference Model, such as a
router. Any interconnection among or
between public, private, commercial,
industrial, or governmental networks may
also be defined as an internetwork.
 Layers of the Networking
Process
Sending m/c(Application) Network
s/w n/w protocol n/w interface-
n/w medium-------- n/w interface->
n/w protocol  Network s/w 
(Application) Receiving m/c
• Peer-to peer Networking
• Client-server ( server based)
 Peer-to peer Networking
• Computers are playing both a client and a
server role.
• No centralized control
• No body do not have higher priority to
access
• Every user can act as n/w administrator .
• Security is major concern
• Computers are affiliated into loose
federations called workgroup, but no n/w
wide security can be forced.
 Advantages
• Easy to install
• m/c do not depend on the a dedicated server
• User control their own shared resources.
• P2p n/ws need no additional equipments.
• No dedicated administration
• It is best for nw s with 10 or fewer users
Client-server ( server based)
 Three general
interconnection schemes
• Point to point
• Broadcast
• multidrop
 Point to point
• A point to point network consist of
nodes that can only communicate
with adjacent nods.
• Hop
• Star, ring, mesh
 Broadcast

• A broadcast network consist of nodes

that share a single communication,
data sent by one machine received by
all other nodes connected to shared
channel
• broadcast network employ various
topologies: bus, ring and satellite
• The star design is formally referred to
as logical ring over a physical
In broadcast design there is
three types of message
• Unicast: which is destined to only
one recipient
• Multicast message: which is destined
a group of recipient
• Broadcast message: which is
destined to all hosts connected to
network.
 Multidrop networks
• Multidrop networks typically employs
a master slave concept, with one
node being assigned the network
master and all other nodes being
slaves. Master controls the network
functions and slaves request network
access from master.
• File sharing, print server
 Network type based upon
communication path
• Circuit switched
• Packet switched
 Circuit switched

• In Circuit switched network a

dedicated, physical circuit is first
established between source and
destination nodes before any data
transmission take place. Eg public
telephone
 Packet switched

• In a packet switched networks,

message are first partitioned into
smaller units called packets, which
are then sent to destination node
one at a time
 Developing a networking
lexicon
• Client, Peers and server
• Network medium
• Network protocols
• Network Software
• Network services
 Understanding Network
types
• P2P networking
• Server based networks
• Wireless Personal Area Networks
 Understanding the Role of
Network Servers
• Server Hardware requirement
• Specialized Server
• Web based networks
 Selecting the Right type of
Network
• Choosing LANs versus Internetwork
• Is it a MAN or WAN
• Choosing a P2P or server based
network