DC MACHINES

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA Department of Electrical Engg.

Maxwells Cork screw

Rule :

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA Department of Electrical

Maxwells Cork screw

Rule
Hold the :
cork screw in yr right hand
and rotate it in clockwise in such a
way that it advances in the direction
of current. Then the direction in
which the hand rotates will be the
direction of magnetic lines of force .

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA Department of Electrical Engg.

Flemings left hand

rule

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Flemings left hand

rule
Used to determine the direction of force

acting on a current carrying conductor

placed in a magnetic field .
The middle finger , the fore finger and
thumb of the left hand are kept at right
angles to one another .
The middle finger represent the direct
of current
The fore finger represent the direction
magnetic field
The thumb will indicate the direction o
force acting on the conduct

This rule is used in m

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Flemings Right hand

rule

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Flemings Right hand

Used to determine the direction
of emf
rule

induced
in a conductor
The middle finger , the fore finger and
thumb of
the left hand are kept at
right angles to one another.
The fore finger represent the
direction of magnetic field
The thumb represent the
direction of motion of the
conductor

The middle finger will indicate

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
the direction
the
inducted
emf
This rule
is used inof
DC
Generators
Department of Electrical
Engg. .

Lens Law
The direction of induced emf is
given by Lenzs law .
According to this law, the induced
emf will be acting in such a way so
as to oppose the very cause of
production of it .

e = -N (d/dt) volts

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

DC Generator
Mechanical energy is converted to
electrical energy
Three requirements are essential
1. Conductors
2. Magnetic field
3. Mechanical energy

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Working principle
A generator works on the
principles of Faradays law of
electromagnetic induction
Whenever a conductor is moved
in the magnetic field , an emf is
induced and the magnitude of the
induced emf is directly proportional
to the rate of change of flux linkage.
This emf causes a current flow if
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
the conductor
circuit is closed .
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

DC Machine

Commutato
r

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Sectional view of a DC
machine

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Construction of DC
Generator
Field
system
Armature
core
Armature
winding
Commutato
r

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Field
winding

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Rotor and rotor

winding

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Working principle of DC
motor

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Working principle of DC
motor

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Force in DC motor

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Armature winding
There are 2 types of
winding
Lapwinding
and Wave winding
Lap
Wave winding
A=P

A=2

It is used in low
The armature
current
windings are
output
divided
and high voltage.
into
no.
of sections
AKHILESH
KUMAR MISHRA 2 brushes
equal to the
no
Department of Electrical Engg.
of poles (UCER)

Field system
It is for uniform magnetic field
within which the armature
rotates.
Electromagnets are preferred in
comparison with permanent
magnets
They are cheap , smaller in size ,
produce greater magnetic effect
and
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Field strength can be varied

Field system consists of

the following parts
Yoke
Pole cores
Pole shoes
Field coils

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Armature core
The armature core is cylindrical
High permeability silicon steel
stampings
Impregnated
Lamination is to reduce the eddy
current loss
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Commutator
Connect with external circuit
Converts ac into unidirectional current
Cylindrical in shape
Made of wedge shaped copper segments
Segments are insulated from each other
Each commutator segment is connected
to armature conductors by means of a cu
strip called riser.
No of segments equal to no of coils
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Carbon brush
Carbon brushes are used in DC
machines because they are soft
materials
It does not generate spikes when they
contact commutator
To deliver the current thro armature
Carbon is used for brushes because it
has negative temperature coefficient of
resistance
Self lubricating , takes its shape ,
improvingAKHILESH
areaKUMAR
of MISHRA
contact
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Brush rock and holder

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Carbon brush
Brush leads (pig tails)
Brush rocker ( brush gear )
Front end cover
Rear end cover
Cooling fan
Bearing
Terminal box
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

EMF equation
Let,
= flux per pole in weber
Z = Total number of conductor
P = Number of poles
A = Number of parallel paths
N =armature speed in rpm
Eg = emf generated in any on of
the parallel path
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

EMF equation
Flux cut by 1 conductor
in 1 revolution
=P
*
Flux cut by 1 conductor in
60 sec
=P
N /60
Avg emf generated in 1
conductor
=
PN/60
Number of conductors in
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Types of DC Generator
DC generators are generally
classified according to their
method of excitation .
Separately excited DC generator
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Self excited D C generator

Further classification of DC
Generator
Series wound generator
Shunt wound generator
Compound wound generator
Short shunt & Long shunt
Cumulatively compound
&
Differentially compound
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

DC GENERATORS
There are four major types of DC generators, namely
Separately excited generator.
Shunt generator.
Series generator
Compounded generator
Cumulative

Differential

The Equivalent Circuit of a DC

Generator
Two circuits are involved in DC generators
Armature Circuit
Field circuit
Armature circuit represents Thevenin equivalent of the entire
rotor.
It contain an ideal voltage source EA and a resistor RA. .
Brush voltage drop is represented by a small battery
The field coils, which produce the magnetic flux

inductor LF and resistor RF

Radj for field current control

Magnetizing curve of a DC Generator &

performance
The internal generated voltage EA of a dc
generator is
given by
EA is directly proportional to the flux
The field current is directly proportional to the
magnetomotive force and hence EA
Brush voltage drop is represented by a small
battery
Performance of the DC generators are
determined by terminal output parameter IL and
VT
Voltage regulation also determines its
performance

The Separately Excited Generator

A separately excited dc
generator is a generator whose
field current is supplied by a
separate external dc voltage source.

A separately excited dc generator

By Kirchhoff's voltage law, the

terminal voltage is
Since the internal generated
voltage is
independent of lA
the terminal
characteristic of the
separately excited
generator is a
straight line
The terminal characteristic (a) with and (b) without compensating windings

The Separately Excited Generator

Control of Terminal Voltage >
two methods
Change the speed of rotation
EA = K >VT = EA - lARA >
VT
Change the field current.
IF = VF/RF > IF > > EA =
K >
VT = EA - lA RA > VT
The terminal characteristic (a) with and (b) without compensating windings

The Separately Excited Generator

It is not possible to predict analytically the value of E A
to be expected from a given field current.
Magnetization curve of the generator must be used to
calculte EA
accurately.
Net mmf is
and I F equivalent is

The magnetization curves for a generator are drawn

for a particular speed, usually the rated speed of the
machine.
If the machine is turning at other speeds than the E A in
a machine is related to speed by

The Separately Excited Generator

It is not possible to predict analytically the value of E A
to be expected from a given field current.
Magnetization curve of the generator must be used to
calculte EA
accurately.
Net mmf is
and I F equivalent is

The magnetization curves for a generator are drawn

for a particular speed, usually the rated speed of the
machine.
If the machine is turning at other speeds than the E A in
a machine is related to speed by

The Shunt Generator

A shunt dc generator is a dc generator that supplies
its own field current by having its field connected
directly across the terminals of the machine.
The armature current of the machine supplies both
the field circuit and the load

The equivalent circuit of a shunt de

generator

The Shunt Generator

Voltage Build up in a Shunt Generator depends on
Residual flux

IF = VT /RF > EA = K >

VT = EA - lA RA > VT
buildup on starting in a shunt dc generator
possible causes for the voltageVoltage
to fail
to build up during
starting

There may be no residual magnetic flux

The direction of rotation of the generator may have

been reversed

The field resistance may be adjusted to a value

greater than the critical
resistance

The Shunt Generator

The Terminal Characteristic of a Shunt DC Generator
IA = IL + IF > (lARA ) > VT = EA - IA RA
IF = VT /RF > EA = K >
VT = EA - lA RA > VT
Voltage Control for a Shunt DC Generator

Change the shaft speed of the generator.

Change the field resistor of the generator,

The terminal characteristic of a shunt dc generator

The Shunt Generator

If armature reaction is present in a shunt generator

There is demagnetizing magnetomotive force and

lARA drop

graphical analysis of shunt generators with armature reaction

THE SERIES DC GENERATOR

The Terminal Characteristic of a Series Generator

At no load
As IL = IA = IF > EA - IA (RF +RA)
At the beginning EA increases more than the resistive
drop

Derivation of the terminal characteristic for a series dc generator

CUMULATIVELY COMPOUNDED DC
GENERATOR
A cumulatively compounded dc generator is a dc
generator with both series and shunt fields, connected
so that the magnetomotive forces from the two fields
are additive.
Voltage and current relationships for this generator are
The
equivalent

circuit of a
compound
dc
generator

Since there are series and shunt field coils, the

equivalent effective shunt field current for this machine
is given by

The Compound Generator

The Terminal Characteristic of a Cumulatively
Compounded DC Generator

Since IA = IF + IL , the armature current IA increases

too. At this point two effects occur in the generator:
As IA increases, VT = EA - IA (RA + Rs).
As IA increases,
, increasing
The field resistance RF, which is just equal to VT/IF, a
straight line
VT = EA - IA(RA + Rs) rise.

Terminal characteristics of cumulatively compounded dc generators

Characteristics
No load saturation characteristic
(Eo/If)
Internal or Total characteristic (E/
Ia)
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Critical field resistance

For appreciable generation of
emf, the
field resistance must be always
less
certain resistance, that
resistance is
called as the critical resistance
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Armature Reaction
Interaction of Main field flux with
Armature field flux

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Effects of Armature
Reaction
It decreases the efficiency of the
machine
It produces sparking at the brushes
It produces a demagnetising effect
on the
main poles
It reduces the emf induced
Self excited generators some times
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Armature reaction
remedies
1.Brushes
must be shifted to the new

position of the MNA

2.Extra turns in the field winding
3.Slots are made on the tips to increase
the reluctance
4. The laminated cores of the shoe are
staggered
5. In big machines the compensating
winding at pole shoes produces a flux
which just opposes the armature mmf
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Commutation
The change in direction of current
takes place when the conductors
are along the brush axis .
During this reverse process
brushes short circuit that coil and
undergone commutation
Due to this sparking is produced
and the brushes will be damaged
and also causes voltage
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Applications
Shunt Generators:
a. in electro plating
b. for battery recharging
c. as exciters for AC generators.
Series Generators :
A. As boosters
B. As lighting arc lamps
AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA
Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)

Thanks

AKHILESH KUMAR MISHRA

Department of Electrical Engg.
(UCER)