A

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PRESENTATION

On

TELEVISION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

PRESENTED TO:
Prof N. K. Srivastava
PRESENTED BY:
Abhishek Mishra
EC 4th Year
Roll No-1212231004

Introduction
I completed my industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra, Lucknow .
This report contains a detailed study of Doordarshan Kendra Lucknow .
There are 3 division here :

Studio :- Doordarshan is a leading broadcasting service provider in India.

DD Lucknow is full-flathead broadcast set up. Many serials & program
are being made here and are recorded in studio.

Transmitter :- Here the transmission of both audio and video has been
made. The transmission section does the function of modulation of signal.

Earth Station :- The main function of earth station is to make contact

with satellite or communicate with it.
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TV Studio
Doordarshan has two studio halls. One is used as News Room and the
other one is used for shooting various programs. Artificial sets are created
in the studio hall according to requirements of the program to be shooted.

Procedure in Recording:Set is designed in studio as per conceptual thought of program producer.

Lighting, Audio and placement of the cameras is arranged as per floor
plan.
Recording begins and desired camera/mike are selected through
VM/Audio console as per command of producer. Program is recorded on
VCR.
Video signal generation:Video is nothing but a sequence of pictures. So if we see images at the rate
more than 16 pictures/sec, our eyes cannot recognize the difference and
we see the continuous motion.
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TV Camera

A TV Camera consists of three sections:

A Camera lens & Optics: To form optical image on the face plate of a pick up
device.

A transducer or pick up device: To convert optical image into a electrical signal.

Electronics: To process output of a transducer to get a CCVS signal.

TV Lighting

Light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a visible spectrum from red

to violet i.e., wavelength from 700nm to 380nm respectively.
Light Source: Any light source has a Luminance intensity (I) which is
measured in Candelas.
DIFFERENT LIGHTING TECHNIQUES: -

Eye light- Low intensity light on camera itself to get extra sparkle to an
actor's eye.
Rim light- to highlight actor's outline, it is an extra back on entire body at
camera level.
Kickkar light- Extra light on shadow side of the face at an angle behind and
to the side of the actor.
Limbo Lighting- Only subject is visible, no back ground light.
Sillhoutt lighting- No light on subject, BG is highly lit.
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DIMMER:Dimmers are devices used to vary the brightness of a light. By decreasing

or increasing the RMS voltage.
In the professional lighting industry, changes in intensity are called
fades.
Modern dimmers are built from silicon controlled resistor (SCR) instead of
variable resistors, because they have higher efficiency.
Two basic methods for dimming are :-

Resistance :- This is the simplest and cheapest form of dimmer. It consists

of a wire wound resistor with a wiper .It is used in series with the load.

Capacitor :- The capacitor are used to stored energy or power. In the case
of dimmers the capacitor can store an adequate amount of power to
reduced the intensity of light.
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Master Switching Room

Master switching room (MSR) is used for transmission media. It is the

engineering co-ordination center of activity for selecting & routing the
signal from various sources to transmitter and earth station.

It is a room where all different sources from the outside studio comes first
here and enroots transmission to different destination like transmitter &
earth station.

This room comprises of Routine switcher, amplifier, Video/Audio

distribution amplifier etc.

It is the heart of the studio. Most of the switching electronics are kept here
e.g. camera base stations, Satellite receivers.
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Vision Mixing

Vision mixing is a process of creating composite

pictures from various sources.

A vision mixer is a device used to select between

several different video sources and in some cases
mix video sources together and add special effects.

It has many input sources such as cameras, VCR ,

Graphics/Character Generators etc.

Vision mixing involves basically four types of

switching or transitions between various sources.
These are cut, mixing, wipe and key.

A Sony BVS-3200CP vision mixer.

Cut :- The cut is an instantaneous switch from one picture to

another. It avoids the frame roll on picture at the moment of cutting.

Mixing :- It uses additive mixing. As the faders are operated, the

established picture fades away, while the new picture generates.

Wipe :- A wipe is a type of film transition where one shot replaces

another by travelling from one side of the frame to another side of
the frame.

Key :- The keyed portion can be filled with matte or external

source. Matte means internally generated BG with choice of colors
from the vision mixer itself. This keying signal can be generated
either by the luminance, or chrominance of the source input.

Outdoor Broadcasting Van

OB van is used for live broadcasting like any match or any event. It consist
all the equipments that is present in the studio for telecasting. It also
referring as mini studio.
A typical OB Van is usually divided into 5 parts:

The 1st and largest part is the production area.

The 2nd part of a van is for the audio engineer; it has a sound mixer.

The 3rd part of van is video tape. The tape area has a collection of VTRs.

The 4th part is the video control area.

The 5th part is transmission where the signal is monitored by an engineer

for quality control purposes.
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Earth Station

The main function of earth station is to make contact with

satellite or communicate with it.
The earth station is supposed to convey the information from the
user to the satellite and from satellite back to the user.
The signal is up-linked from the Earth Station and received by
many down link centers in TV broadcasting via PDA.
The earth station can be located on land, ships, aircraft etc.
Earth station is a purely digitization version.

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Block Diagram of Earth Station

September 4, 2013

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Advantage of Digital Earth Station

More programs per channel/Transponder i.e. spectrum efficient.

Noise-Free Reception.

Ghost elimination.

Better sound quality & better picture quality.

Reduced transmission power.

Flexibility in service planning.

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Satellite Communications

It is simply the communication of the satellite in space with large number

of earth stations on the ground.

The function of the satellite is to receive a high frequency signal (uplink) ,

processes it and resend back to the earth station at a lower frequency signal
(downlink).
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Satellite Communications

Uplink frequency :- The frequency at which the signal are

transmitted from earth station to satellite.
Downlink frequency :- The frequency at which the signal are send
to satellite back to earth station.
The uplink frequency always greater than downlink frequency due
to avoid the interference between transmitting and receiving signal.
The transmission and reception of satellite signals are done at a
greater microwave frequencies in a particular band.
These band are as follows below:-

c-band

6Ghz (uplink) / 4Ghz (downlink)

Ku-band

14Ghz (uplink) / 12Ghz (downlink)

Ka-band

30Ghz (uplink) / 20Ghz (downlink)

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Block Diagram

Satellite Transponder : A transponder is a part of a satellite, which is a combination of transmitter and

receiver.
The main function of transponder is frequency translation and amplification.
As shown in below fig, the uplinked signal (6 GHz) at satellite is received,
amplified and down converted into 4 GHz band and sent back through filter
and power amplifier towards receiver earth station through a high power
transmitting antenna.
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Application of Satellite Communication

In the field of communication (satellite phone, TV, satellite radio).

Metrological and whether information.

For navigation and tracking purpose.

World wide paging services.

Supporting relief and search operation in remote areas.

Messaging and voice communication.

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Thank You

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Questions/ Queries

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