RENEWABLE ENERGY

SOURCES
AND
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
ABSTRACT


This paper is an approach to obtain energy balance



in a typical rural Indian economy. The objective is

to completely eliminate use of conventional energy
sources. To develop a system of technically and
economically viable solution for providing energy
from non-conventional and renewable energy
sources.
INTRODUCTION
 A typical rural area considered basically
covers the following details:


Ø Description of economy


Ø Natural resources availability



Ø Population and standard of living



Ø Energy demand
PRESENT PROBLEM:


Ø In most of the parts, no power supply is available.

Ø
Ø In rest of the parts poor quality of power supply
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
M AP

*map not up to scale

Geographical details:
Ø The rural area MohiuddinNagar is situated in
district Samastipur.
Ø It is 90 km far from capital Patna.
Ø It has proper rail and road connectivity.
Ø River Ganga crosses it in south.
Ø Two small rivers Baya and Noon cross it in north.
Ø The water level is 60 feet below ground. So there is
abundant water supply.
Ø This area gets good sunlight for 10 months in a
year, so there is lot of potential for solar energy.
Ø The area gets good rain during monsoon.
Ø The soil is one of the best fertile soil that is
available in the world because the Ganga brings
new soil every year.
Ø Crops:
Ø
PRESENT ECONOMIC
SITUATION
Ø
ØMost people depend on farming and animal
husbandry.
Ø
ØThe soil is best for sugarcane. But there is
no sugarcane factory so nobody goes for
it.
Ø
ØThere is no industry in nearby area, even
not a single one based on agriculture.
Ø
ECONOMIC STATUS OF PEOPLE


CASE STUDY


A person observed two basic problems in the village:



Ø The increasing cost of kerosene oil for lighting

purpose.


Ø The mobile battery charging problem.

Ø


He established a diesel generator set and supply



power with the following norms:



Ø If you are a customer then for every single CFL

connection you have to pay Rs. 60 per month.
Ø
Ø He will supply power in evening between 6pm-
10pm.
Ø
Ø There will be a facility that you can charge your
mobile battery from the CFL holder itself, free of
cost.
Ø
Profit analysis from the supply point of
view:
Rating of the Generator 6KVA
Total investment Rs 70,000
(Generator+cables+CFL+switche
No. of CFL lights supply 500
s)
Monthly income Rs(500*60)=Rs30,000
Daily fuel(diesel) consumption 6 liters
Monthly fuel cost Rs(6*30*40)=Rs7,200
Monthly maintenance cost Rs2,000
Hence monthly running cost Rs(7,200+2,000)=Rs9,200
So monthly net profit for the Rs(30,000-9,200)=Rs20,800
supplier
Net profit per year Rs(20,800*12)=Rs2,96,000
v


vIt can be seen that the investment is

recovered in 3 months only.


vActually for lighting and charging purpose

Rs. 60 per month is not a big amount, it
seems.



Analysis from consumer point of
view:
Total energy consumed by one (20+5)w*(30*4)hr=3kWh
CFL and mobile battery per
month
Bill paid by consumers per Rs 60
month
So tariff is Rs(60/3)=Rs 20 per unit

Maximum tariff paid by an Rs 4

average consumer in India
Extra amount paid by consumers Rs(20-4)=Rs 16 ……..ha!
for each unit
PROPOSED SYSTEM
VILLAGE ZONE
No. of houses 200

Population of the village 200*7=1400

Connected load for single house 7CFL+4fans+1TV+1Refrigerator

=(7*20+4*60+1*200+0.5*200)=
Connected load for 200 houses 680W =0.68KW
(200*0.68)KW=136KW

Other loads for one village 10computers+50street light+2

flour mill
Total connected load for one =(10*300+50*50+2*1000)W=7.
(136+7.5)KW=143.5KW
village 5KW
or
approx 150KW
PROPOSED SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC
HEATING AND COOKING
REQUIREMENT
Ø
Ø Most feasible solution is Biogas.


Ø
Ø From one study it is proved that dung of two cows
provides all the energy requirement for a family
of 4 person.
Ø
Ø


Ø
CENTRALIZED BIO-GAS PLANT
CONCEPT
Ø
Ø For every 50 houses, there will be one common
Bio-gas plant.
Ø
Ø Single plant for entire village is not considered,
because of cluster distribution of houses.
Ø
Ø Separate Bio-gas plant for every house is not
considered here because of the maintenance
problem.
Ø
BIO-GAS PLANT PLANNING
Ø For every unit there will be sufficient
manpower, whose work will be to collect cow
dung from those respective houses.
Ø Pipeline gas distribution system will be
implemented.
Ø Gas meter will be provided in every house.
Ø Based on the gas consumption, charges will be
taken.
Ø By-product of plant will be given back to the
farmers at the cheaper rate to use it as
fertilizer.
BIO-GAS DISTRIBUTION


 Bio-Gas Plant

 To domestic users

 Main
pipe line


BIO-GAS CYCLE

Cow dung

Bi-
product
BENEFITS OF BIO-GAS
Ø There is no external source required for running
of the plant.
Ø
Ø The raw-material for Bio-gas plant is easily
available in the villages.
Ø
Ø Dependence on coal, LPG etc for cooking
purpose can be fully eliminated.
Ø
Ø By using waste of plant, use of chemical
fertilizer can be avoided and organic farming
can be encouraged.
W A T E R H A R V E S T IN G
WATER HARVESTING
Ø Every house contains a underground cemented
water tank .
Ø The slope of the roof is towards the drainage
pipe, which goes to tank.
Ø Another drainage is provided near to the 1st
pipe, which goes to the open area.
Ø The water of 1st rain is not collected, because
of impurity in environment. This water is used
to clean the roof.
Ø For the 2nd rain, water is collected in the
cemented tank.


 It is hard to imagine that 2-3 hours

of rain can provide drinking water
to a family of 6-7 members for a
whole year.
 FARMS
Ø This is seasonal load zone and almost all loads
are water pump loads.

Khariff Rabi
Crops Rice, corn,pulses Wheat, mustard oil, potato
Seeding June/July Oct/Nov
Watering July/August Dec/Feb
Harvesting Nov March
Management of Pumping load is required Watering is required in
power supply in summer season but in winter season. But in
the other zones demand other zones in winter
of power is at the peak. season demand for power
However due to the is less so that remaining
Monsoon season there is power can be supplied to
MARKET ZONE
Ø It is the most complicated zone from power
management point of view.
Ø People are rich in this zone, so they use all sorts of
electrical appliances for their comfort like fan, AC,
cooler, refrigerator, television etc.
Ø There are different type of consumers in this area;
a) schools, colleges, banks and other government
offices need power supply from 9am-5pm.


 power demand


 time(hrs)
 9am 5pm



 b) Emergency load like hospital needs power supply
for 24 hours
power demand


 time(hrs)


 9am 5pm
 c) Shops need power supply between 9am-12pm
and 6pm-10pm.


power demand


 9am 12pm 6pm 10pm time(hrs)

HOW TO MANAGE POWER IN
MARKET ZONE?
Ø
Ø Power demand for offices, schools and colleges
after 5 pm is negligible. This remaining power
will be consumed by shops where after 6pm
is the peak load time.
Ø
Ø During the peak hour there will be a provision
of two part tariff. Consumer exceeding the
fixed limit during peak hour will be penalized.


Ø
CENTRALIZED WATER
DISTRIBUTION FOR MARKET AREA


 W a te r ta n k



To house holds


Main pipe line


WHY CENTRALIZED WATER
SUPPLY
Ø
UNIT?
Ø Easy to control reactive power demand by
using capacitor bank .
Ø
Ø It is easy to switch on a single pump during the
off peak hours.
Ø
Ø Better system voltage regulation.
ECONOMIC ZONE
This zone will be located near to the power
generating plant.
There will be heavy loads in economic zone like

Ø
Ø Sugarcane factory
Ø Dairy factory
Ø Wood mill
Ø Cold storage
Ø Other industries based on agriculture
FEATURES OF ECONOMIC ZONE
Ø Power requirement in this zone is almost
constant all the time.
Ø Power has to be supplied in this zone minimum
for 20 hours.
Ø So for peak hours in other zone (6pm-10pm),
supply will be off in this zone.
Ø Solar cell can be used for lighting of this zone
during power cut in this zone.
Ø Development of this zone implies development
of rural area.

GENERATING STATION
Ø The proposed generating plant is a Bio-mass
plant of capacity 6MW to fulfill all the energy
requirement of the rural area.
Ø Every zone excluding farms is estimated
around 3MW load.
Ø The plant will have 3 generator of same rating
3MW.
Ø Generator G1 will run by fuel sugarcane
bagasse.
 Generator G2 will run by fuel crop like jolly
flora.
 Generator G3 will be for back up supply.
WHY BIO-MASS?
Ø
Ø The fuel for Bio-mass is easily available and
accessible.
Ø
Ø The area can be independent for power supply.
Ø
Ø Farmers will supply fuel crop with some profit
margin and the plant will supply back to the
farmers at a fixed charge. So net charge for per
unit power will be low for farmers .


Ø Pollution free.

BIO-GAS CYCLE
 Fuel crop

 To market zone
V illa g e +
 Fa rm s
S u g a r Fa cto ry B a g a sse Power plant
(steam)


 to market
Electric distribution

sugar


 steam
 electric power supplied back to farmers
To economic zone
POWER DISTRIBUTION
PLANNING FOR DIFFERENT
ZONES
Zones Power supply duration

Economic zone 12am to 10am & 10pm-12am

Market zone 9am to 5pm & 6pm to 2pm

Village zone 2am to 9am & 5pm to 10pm

Farms 2am to 5am & 7am to 9am

GRAPHICAL ZONAL DISTRIBUTION OF
LOADS :
Max demand
 3MW economic zone


 0 13 22 24
time (hrs)
 Market zone
 3MW


 o
 2 5 17 18 24
time(hrs)
 village zone and Farms
 3MW


 0 2 5 17 22
time(hrs)


 Total power supplied by bio-mass plant

 6MW



BENEFITS OF THE ENTIRE
PROPOSED SYSTEM
Ø It is completely pollution free solution.
Ø The whole area will become self reliant
economy.
Ø The entire system will get carbon credit.
Ø It will increase employment opportunities in
rural areas.
Ø It will improve living standard of people.
Ø Using electricity for irrigation is 60%-70%
cheaper than using DG set.
Ø Minimum distribution system losses.
Prepared by-


 Abhishek Karwa
 &
 Indrajeet Kumar