Introduction

to
Physiology,
Homeostasis, and
Body Temperature
V. Sutarmo Setiadji

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Human Physiology: the study of the

function of the human body. At this time, this
study not enough only at the organ and system
level must be deep enough to cellular,
subcellular, molecular and submolecular level.
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The key concept

of the function of
the body is to
maintain the
internal
environment so
that every cell in
the body can fullfil
its need and
excretes its waste
to maintain its life.
Coordination of all organs and systems in the body.
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In our body, simple control usually not enough.

It is need a feedback control. Positive feedback
or negative feedback.
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Feedback control directly to the higher center

or more higher center.
Or also feedback from the periphery.
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Homeostasis:
A state of composition and condition of milieu
interieur (internal environment) that are suitable
for the life of each cell in the body that must be
maintained in a very narrow variability to ensure
the life of each cell in the body. For instance,
every cell in the body uses oxygen for making
ATP through oxidation reaction with CO2 as the
waste product. So, O2 always tends to decrease
and CO2 tend to increase. This condition is not
suitable for the cell life. It must be corrected.
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To correct unsuitable condition almost all

organs and systems coordinate to each other.
For instance, respiratory system supply O2
and wash out CO2, circulatory system and the
blood distribute O2 to all cells in the body and
bring CO2 to the lung, kidneys excrete H+,
nervous system coordinate all organs and
systems to work together, etc.
If the function of one or more organ or system
is disturb, the homeostasis will disturb also.
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Pembuluh kapiler

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Pembuluh venula

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O2
CO2

Nutrients,
mineral

Ancient sea water

(milieu exterieur)

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Monocellular organism

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Claude Bernard
(Ahli Ilmu Faal
Perancis, 1813-1878 )
Yang termasuk
milieu
interieur
(lingkungan
hidup dalam)
ialah cairan
antarsel dan
plasma, karena
plasma juga
meru-pakan
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lingkungan
hidup

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Walter Bradford Cannon

Istilah homeostasis
ini mula-mula digunakan oleh Walter
Bradford Cannon,
seorang ahli ilmu
faal Amerika (1871-1945)

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QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

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Negative feedback
produce a stable
condition.

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Body Temperature Regulation

1. Balance between heat production and heat loss.
a. Heat production metabolic rate of the body.
Factors that ditermine the metabolic rate
- basal metabolic rate of all cell
- muscle activity/shivering
- hormones activity (thyroxine, growth h)
- sympathetic activity
- activity of the cells themselves
- specific dynamic action of the food
(thermogenic effect)
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b.Heat loss
Factors determine:
- heat conduction by the subcutaneous tissue
- heat conduction of the skin
- blood flow from the core body to the skin
- sympathetic factor (vasoconstriction/
vasodilatation)
- basic physics of heat transfer
- radiation
- convection
- conduction
- evaporation
- sweating & autonomic regulation
- set point

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Temperature control center

- Preoptic area
- Posterior hypothalamic
- Behavioral control more higher center

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