MEC 520 F15 Lecture 2

LECTURE 2
MEC 520
AUGUST 31, 2015
Infrared Radiation
and
Thermography
9/20/15
MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics
PRINCIPLES OF THERMOGRAPHY
All bodies give out infrared (IR) radiation

The infrared energy is dependent on the absolute
surface temperature
The infrared energy is dependent on the surface
emissivity
Infrared Radiation
(EM Waves)
T(K)
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WHAT IS THERMOGRAPHY?
Thermography is the
science of acquisition
and analysis of thermal
information from objects
using non-contact
thermal imaging
devices.
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WHY IS THERMOGRAPHY IMPORTANT?
Non-contact infrared imagers provide

fast, safe, accurate measurements for
objects that are:
Moving or very hot
Difficult to reach
Impossible to shut-of
Dangerous to contact
Where contact would
damage, contaminate or
change temperature
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BASICS
Heat
Amount of heat energy in an object is the total kinetic
energy of the molecules that compose it
Joule, watt-hr, etc.
Temperature
A measure of the average speed of the molecules and

atoms that make up the object
Kelvin (K), Celsius (C), Fahrenheit (F),
Defines the state of an object, relative to other object

Its value depends on energy level of a body
Indicates the direction of heat flow
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PRINCIPLES OF HEAT TRANSFER
Conservation of energy
Sum of all energy in a closed system is constant (1st
Law of thermodynamics)
Direction of heat flow
Heat flows from a hotter object to a colder one by

transferring energy from one body to another
If there is a temperature diference, there will be heat
flow (2nd law of thermodynamics)
Temperature defines the existence of heat
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RADIATIVE HEAT TRASNFER
Radiative heat transfer is the transfer of

heat from one body to another by the
emission and absorption of radiation
What is thermal radiation?
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THERMAL RADIATION
Thermal radiation is a form of electromagnetic

radiation
It will easily pass through most gases, but will
pass with difficulty or will be blocked by most
liquids and solids
Objects emit thermal radiation as a consequence
of their absolute temperature
All objects above 0K emit thermal radiation.
The higher the temperature, the more thermal
radiation will be emitted.
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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
c = f *
f=c/
The colors humans can see
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IR CLASSIFICATION
All matter (gases, planets, etc.) emit some

amount of electromagnetic radiation across a
range of energies (or wavelengths).
Infrared ranges from .7m to 14 m
Broken into near, mid, and far infrared
Near IR: 0.751.4 m (e.g. fiber optics, night vision)
Mid-wavelength infrared IR: 3-8 m (e.g. Missile
homing)
Long-wavelength IR: 8-15 m (e.g. thermal imaging)
Far IR: 151000m
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10
TOTAL RADIATION
Emission
is the radiation that is given of by the body
Absorption
is radiation that is taken in by the body
Reflection
is reflected radiation from another source
Transmission
is radiation that has passed through the body
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11
INCIDENT RADIATION
Incident radiation is all the radiation that strikes an

object from its surroundings.
Source
Absorpti
on
Transmission
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Target
Reflection
12
EXITANT RADIATION
Exitant radiation is all the radiation that leaves an

object regardless of the source.
Source
Source
Absorpti
on
Transmission
Reflection
Target
Transmission
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EXITANT RADIATION
Of all the total exitant radiation from a target, a

certain portion will be
Emitted from the target itself
Reflected from a source in front of the object
Transmitted from a source behind the object
Total radiation energy is a combination of

Emitted, e
Reflected, r
Transmitted, t
e + r + t = 1
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RADIATED ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE
An infrared camera detects the electromagnetic

radiation at a certain wavelength, E
E()
T(K)
But we want to measure the temperature?
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BACKGROUND
How much radiation will be emitted from

a source as a function of temperature
and wavelength ?
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16
HISTORY
In the late 1890s, Wien and

Rayleigh had attempted to
formulate an equation
expressing the intensity of
electromagnetic radiation as
a function of wavelength and
the temperature of the
source.
In 1900, Planck derived the
correct relationship from
fundamental principles.
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Max Planck
1858 - 1947
17
BLACKBODY
A black body is an object that absorbs all incident

radiation, i.e. has no reflection
A small hole cut into a cavity is the most popular
and realistic example.
None of the incident radiation escapes
What happens to this radiation?
Black-bodies do not "reflect" any incident radiation

They may re-radiate, but the emission is its only characteristic
The emission from a black-body depends only on its temperature
The emitted "thermal" radiation characterizes the equilibrium
temperature of the black-body
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BLACKBODY
Black bodies are used to calibrate thermal imaging

equipment as it cancels the emitted and reflected radiations.
In reality transmitted radiation can be negated as most objects are
considered opaque
Therefore the only problem is splitting the emitted radiation from
that of the reflected radiation.
A black-body reaches thermal equilibrium when the

incident radiation power is balanced by the power reradiated, i.e. if you expose a black-body to radiation, its
temperature rises until the incident and radiated powers
balance.
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RAYLEIGH-JEANS LAW
The intensity emitted

from the blackbody is
proportional to the
temperature divided by
the fourth power of the
wavelength.
It agrees with
experimental
B
measurements for long
c is the speed of light, kB is
wavelengths.
It predicts an energy
the Boltzmann constant
output that diverges
and T is the temperature in
towards infinity as
kelvin
wavelengths grow
smaller, known as the
ultraviolet catastrophe
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I( ) ck T
PLANCK'S LAW
Intensity of Radiation vs. Wavelength
2 hc
1
I ( )
hc / kT
5
e
1
2
Note also: for very large exp hc / k BT 1
hc
k BT
u 4k BT
Also [exp(hc/kBT)] goes to infinity faster than (5), i.e. I() 0 as 0.

From a fit between Planck's law and experimental data, one obtains Planck's
constant to be:
h = 6.626 1034 J.s
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SUNS INTENSITY CURVE
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BLACKBODY SPECTRUM
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23
WIENS LAW
Wiens law states that

the dominant
wavelength at which a
blackbody emits
electromagnetic
radiation is inversely
proportional to the
Kelvin temperature of
the object
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24
WIENS LAW
Wiens law allows us to calculate the temperature

of an object if we know the wavelength of its
maximum emission.
maxT = 2.8979 106 nmK.

Example: max for the Sun =
502 nm
Therefore, T = 5770K =
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25
STEFAN BOLTZNANN LAW
The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that a

blackbody radiates electromagnetic waves with
a total energy flux E directly proportional to the
fourth power of the Kelvin temperature T of the
object
EBB = T4
is called the Stefan-Boltzman constant (5.6705 10-8 Wm2 -4

K ) and T is the temperature in kelvins
The law can be derived from Planks Law by

considering a small flat black body surface
radiating out into a half-sphere.
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EMISSIVITY DEFINED
Emissivity is the ratio of radiation emitted

by a real body compared to the
radiation emitted by a black body at the
same temperature and same
wavelength
= ERB/EBB
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REAL BODY
A real body
ERB = T4
ERB = Radiated energy from a real body

T = Temp (K)
emissivity
= 5.6705 10-8 Wm-2K-4
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EMISSIVITY
Emissivity that describes the efficiency with which an object radiates

or emits heat and has value from 0-1.0
Thermal and electrical insulators are excellent emitters and its
measurement is not a problem
Woods, rubber , plastic, paper, concrete, building materials, etc.
Metals are poor emitters unless heavily oxidized and its measurement is
delicate
Copper, steel, brass, zinc, aluminum, lead, etc.
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TYPES OF INFRARED DETECTORS

Thermal devices
Utilize temperature dependent material property such as the electrical conductivity
or thermal expansion.
they have a broad flat spectral response compared to photon devices.
lower thermal sensitivity and a relatively slow response time (~milliseconds)
operated at room temperature thus overcoming the logistic burden of providing
cooling
Photonic devices
utilize semiconductors whose electrical properties may be altered by photoninduced transitions that can be monitored as an electrical output signal.
It is necessary that the incident radiation has energy equal to or greater than the
energy gap between the bound and mobile states, thus the detector has a long
wavelength cut-of determined by the energy gap.
necessary to cool them to improve performance by minimizing the thermal
excitation of carriers which is a noise contribution to the output signal.
Examples include photoconductors (monitor the changes in resistivity) and
photovoltaic devices (monitor voltage is generated across p-n junction.)
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30
THE FLUKE CAMERA
Learning to use the

Fluke Ti20TM
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31
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum.

Ultraviolet
10-4
10-2
0.28
0.40
Infrared radiation, like light

and radio waves, is a form of
electromagnetic energy.
Near Infrared
Short Wave
Infrared
Thermal
Middle
Infrared
0.70
2.00
6.00
8.00
Long Wave
Infrared
15.00
The Ti20 is a digital imager that takes long wave

infrared thermal pictures in the 7.5 to 14 micron
range.
9/20/15
Microwave
104
32
Wavelength in Microns (m)
X-rays
INFRARED RADIATION
Ti20, and all infrared cameras and

thermometers detect infrared
radiation.
As an object becomes warmer,
they radiate more energy which
the camera detects, creating a
thermogram.
The Ti20, convert this information
into a radiometric temperature
measurement which provides
12,288 independent temperature
values in each thermal image.
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HOW DO WE GET THE PICTURE?
Each of the 12,288 elements, or pixels, contain an

accurate temperature value. The Imager, through the use
of a complex set of algorithms, assign specific colors that
correspond exactly with the temperature value found at the
specific X Y coordinate.
128 Elements
When an image is captured

using the Ti20, all of the
background data is also
saved along with the picture
allowing in-depth analysis
using InsideIR software.
96 Elements
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OVERVIEW OF CONTROLS
Focus control
Optical channel
Display
Laser aperture
Soft keys
Trigger
Battery
compartment
Tripod mount
(under Imager)
AC adapter terminal
USB Port
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LETS GET STARTED
Press the F2 key to turn the Imager on and of.

Turn the Imager on by pressing
and holding the F2 key for
approximately 2 seconds until the
date and time appear in the upper
right-hand corner of the display.
Turn the Imager off by pressing
and holding the F2 key for
approximately 2 seconds.
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QUALITIES OF A GOOD IMAGE
Focus
Brightness
Contrast
Perspective
Composition
Angle of view
A good image should
exhibit all of these attributes
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QUALITIES OF A GOOD IR IMAGE
Focus
Thermal level
Thermal span
Thermal range
Perspective
Composition
Palette
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GENERAL MEASUREMENT RULES
Get a good image FIRST. If the image is out of

focus, the measurement is WRONG.
By default, most cameras adapt the scale
automatically.
Desired target must cover the spot.
Do not aim with an angle superior to 45/ 50. Be
careful that at perpendicular angles, you may be
a major source of reflection
Choose a zone of high emissivity to do the
measurement
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FOCUS
A well focused image provides clarity and depth not

witnessed from an out of focus image.
Focus is the most important step when capturing a
quality thermal image and cannot be changed after
saving the image.
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FOCUS
Adjust focus in either direction

Full clockwise = 61cm (24 in)
Full counter clockwise = Infinity
Focus where there is thermal

contrast (temperature differential)
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LEVEL AND SPAN (RANGE)
662F
(350C)
Span sets
the width
of
window
Move window to set thermal level
Low setting SPAN High setting

of window
of window
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Level sets the

position of
the window
14F
(-10C)
42
SETTING LEVEL AND SPAN
F1
F2
F3
Press F1 for LEVEL

or
F3 for SPAN
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F1
F2
F3
F1
F3
F2
Adjust levels by pressing either

F1 or F3 and then F2 when done.
43
AUTOMATIC OR MANUAL OPERATION
If you take pictures with a digital camera, you

can easily use the Ti20. The Ti20 image
level and span can be set automatically by
the Imager or manually adjusted, similar to
adjustments you can make on a digital
camera.
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AUTOMATIC MODE
In the automatic mode, the Imager

determines the level and span based
on the temperature of the target.
However, in a more sophisticated
thermal scene (upper right) the Imager
expands the level to include all
temperatures that are present.
Hot
9/20/15
Ambient
Cold
45
MANUAL MODE
By simply setting the LEVEL slightly higher, a readjusted

image appears.
To refine a
portion of the
image, adjust
the level or
span settings
manually.
Cold Water
Cup
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Ambient Water
Cup
46
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49
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STORING IMAGES
The Imager can store up to 50 images.

In just a couple of easy steps you can
store images for later analysis and
adjustment.
Point the imager at the target you want
to record, squeeze the trigger once to
capture the image.
Inspect the image, if satisfactory, press
F1 to store the image. If an image is
already stored in the memory location
a prompt will ask you to confirm.
Squeeze the trigger or press F1 (yes) to
return to live viewing.
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F1
F3
F2
51
RETRIEVING IMAGES
With the imager turned on, press

F2 (MENU) until MEMORY is over
the F1 key.
Press F1 twice to review images
stored in the Imager.
Press F1 (up arrow) or F3 (down
arrow) to cycle through the
images.
F1
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F3
F2
52
COMPARING IMAGES
Use the Compare function to ensure that

you have captured an image from the
correct position and distance from the
target.
With the captured image on the display,
press F3 (COMPARE).
Press F1 to retrieve the next stored image
or F3 to review the previous stored image.
NOTE: Stored images appear on the right
side of the display.
Press F2 (DONE) to save the captured
image. This will overwrite the current
image location.
F1
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F3
F2
53
OTHER IMAGER SETTINGS
Step 1:
Step 1
Step 2
Press F1 to select
Emissivity or F3 to select
Reflected Temperature
Compensation (RTC).
Step 2:
Press F1 to increase the

setting or F3 to decrease the
setting.
An in depth description of
emissivity and RTC follows.
9/20/15
F1
F2
F3
F1
F3
F2
54
CHANGING PALETTES
Gray and Reverse Gray

Easiest to Focus With
Ironbow
Great for Routes and easy
to focus with
Rainbow
Great for Reports
Different palette selections may

result in more clarity or definition
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FACTORS FOR MEASUREMENT ACCURACY
Accuracy depends on many factors, including:

Calibration of the camera
Emissivity correction
Reflected temperature
compensation
Distance to object ratio
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FLAG *(INTERNAL CALIBRATION)
When the Imager is first turned on, the

image freezes briefly and an hourglass
icon appears on the display.
The Imager then momentarily shuts
down the optical channel to eliminate
ofset errors and performs a
recalibration sequence.
You can manually activate the internal
recalibration sequence at any time by
pressing the F3 (FLAG) key from the
Home display.
F1
F2
F3
* Also known as the non-uniformity correction or NUC

9/20/15
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RADIOMETRIC TEMPERATURES
Not all radiometric temperature measurements

are real.
The Ti20 measures the total radiation coming
from a surface, that includes radiation:
Emitted by the object
Reflected by the object
Emitted
Only emitted radiation

relates to the temperature
of the object.
Reflected
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THE REASON? EMISSIVITY
Shiny
Aluminum
437F
424F
Coated
Surface
82F
9/20/15
410F
59
HOW TO SET EMISSIVITY
Use emissivity tables as guidelines

only
Press F1 or F3 to
raise or lower the
emissivity setting.
F1
9/20/15
F2
F3
60
9/20/15
61
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62
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REFLECTIVITY
Many materials are highly

reflective to infrared
radiation
Low-emissivity
objects are quite
reflective of their
thermal
surroundings
9/20/15
64
REFLECTIVITY
9/20/15
MEC 520 Energy Technology

Thermodynamics
65
REFLECTED TEMPERATURE
COMPENSATION
Targets that have low emissivities will reflect energy from nearby
objects. This additional reflected energy is added to targets own
emitted energy and may result in inaccurate readings.
In some situations objects
near the target (machines,
furnaces, or other heat
sources) have a
temperature much higher
than that of the target.
Use the RTC function to
compensate for reflected
temperature from emitted
energy
9/20/15
Reflected Energy
Emitted Energy
And in other cases the

reflected temperature may be
lower than the target such as
when a clear sky is reflected.
66
SETTING RTC
Step 1
F1
F2
Step 2
F3
F1
F2
Step 3
F3
F1
F2
F3
Press F3 to select the RTC setting and F3 again

to adjust the setting, press F2 when done.
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CORRECTING MEASUREMENTS
Accurate measurements require that you
adjust the emissivity and reflected temperature
compensation values.
Measurements of shiny metal surfaces are not
recommended because they will be unreliable.
Whenever possible, make measurements of
high-emissivity surfaces, i.e. non-shiny metal,
such as paint or electricians tape, or on a
rough surface. (Avoid touching hot or
energized surfaces).
Emissivity tables are useful mainly as
guidelines.
Using the correct Reflected Temperature
Compensation (RTC) is critical to making
accurate radiometric measurements.
*>48.4C
48.0
46.0
44.0
42.0
40.0
38.0
36.0
34.0
32.0
*<31.8C
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QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
Qualitative (Most of the images that are taken)

Qualitative inspections utilize thermal differences to
locate anomalies.
1. Thermal diferences are sufficient to indicate most abnormalities in
electrical and mechanical equipment
2. Schedule corrective maintenance activities based on findings
Quantitative
Precise temperature or temperature distribution
measurement
3. Slight variations caused by changes in emissivity, atmospheric
conditions and other factors could distort the readings
4. Distortions in the values measured can be caused by spot size of
the target object and the environment in the background
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REAL WORLD EXAMPLE
I can see a hot spot

But I cant measure it!
Qualitative
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When I move closer,

I can measure it!
Quantitative
72
RESOLVING DETAIL
Resolution defines the ability of the

Ti20 to resolve and measure detail
at a given distance
It is possible to detect objects that
are too far away or too small to
accurately measure.
Just because you can see it doesnt mean you

can accurately measure its temperature
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WHAT CAN YOU SEE AND MEASURE?
The Ti20 can detect objects at a distance to

spot size ratio (D to S) of approximately 75:1.
For example:
At 75 a 1 spot can be detected
At 75m a 1m spot can be detected
At 2m a 2.67cm spot can be detected
To measure, we need to be closer or have the

object be larger
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MINIMUM DISTANCE FOR FOCUSING
At the minimum focus distance of 60cm (24),

you can measure a target as small as 7mm (0.27)
When possible, move as close as you safely can to
fill the image with the object of interest
To get a wider field of view step back from the
object you are measuring
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WE SEE SURFACE TEMPERATURES ONLY
For the most part, we

see surfaces
However, the heat we
are interested in
knowing about
usually originates
from the inside
What is the relationship between an internal

heating source and the outside surface we are
viewing?
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WHAT DOES THIS MEAN TO YOU?
Many problems will actually be

hotter than they appear on the
surface
Net flow of energy is from warmer
to cooler areas
Flow can be:
Transient (changing)
Steady-state (stable)
Some problems may not be detectable under certain conditions

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ELECTRICAL INSPECTIONS
Typical patterns are:

High resistance connections or contact
surfaces
Imbalances and overloads
Many components are normally warm,
including:
Normally loaded circuits
Contactor coils
Transformers
Overload heaters
Capacitors
Resistors
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MOTORS
Key inspection points

Bearings
Couplings
Electrical connections
Overall temperature
Poor cooling
Internal problems
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TANK LEVELS
Locate fluid, solid, and

floater levels
Tank sludge clearly identified
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REFRACTORY INSULATION
Look for
Hot areas associated
with refractory
thinning or failure
Cold areas associated
with internal product
build-up
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Working traps will have

STEAM TRAPS
hot and cold sides
Failed-open traps will
be hot on both sides
Normal
Faulty
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MEC 520 Energy Technology

Thermodynamics
82
INSIDEIR SOFTWARE
An important part of your total solution
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IMAGE STORAGE AND ROUTE

ORGANIZATION
Organize and store all

of your images in a
Windows style
format
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IMAGE STORAGE AND ROUTE

ORGANIZATION
Change route by
simply dragging an
image to a new
position with your
mouse
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IMAGE ANALYSIS AND SHARING
Adjust image
properties through
software after the
image is stored
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Input location
name from your
keyboard
Change emissivity
and RTC in post
processing
Insert comments
Insert accurate
point
measurements or
Min/Max/Average
area
Turn on a
measurements
temperature grid
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When the grid is

displayed, average
temperature values
are displayed in
each box
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Display accurate
point or
Min/Max/Average
area measurements
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TEMPERATURE TABLES, PROFILES AND

HISTOGRAMS
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THERMOGRAPHIC REPORTING
Logo can be changed from file
Inputs for:
Company Name
Problem Number
Location Name and Equipment
Problem Description
Weather Conditions
Route Data
Maintenance Action Information
Repair Priority Assignment
Reinspection Signoff
Pre /Post Thermal Image or
Pre Thermal /Post Digital Image
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THERMOGRAPHIC REPORTING
Export as: PDF

Word
RTF
Excel
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92

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LECTURE 2

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

All bodies give out infrared (IR) radiation

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

WHY IS THERMOGRAPHY IMPORTANT?

Non-contact infrared imagers provide

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

A measure of the average speed of the molecules and

Defines the state of an object, relative to other object

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

PRINCIPLES OF HEAT TRANSFER

Direction of heat flow

Heat flows from a hotter object to a colder one by

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

RADIATIVE HEAT TRASNFER

Radiative heat transfer is the transfer of

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

Thermal radiation is a form of electromagnetic

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

All matter (gases, planets, etc.) emit some

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

is radiation that is taken in by the body

is reflected radiation from another source

is radiation that has passed through the body

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

Incident radiation is all the radiation that strikes an

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

Exitant radiation is all the radiation that leaves an

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

Of all the total exitant radiation from a target, a

Total radiation energy is a combination of

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

RADIATED ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE

An infrared camera detects the electromagnetic

But we want to measure the temperature?

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

How much radiation will be emitted from

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

In the late 1890s, Wien and

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

A black body is an object that absorbs all incident

Black-bodies do not "reflect" any incident radiation

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

Black bodies are used to calibrate thermal imaging

A black-body reaches thermal equilibrium when the

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

The intensity emitted

Intensity of Radiation vs. Wavelength

Note also: for very large exp hc / k BT 1

Also [exp(hc/kBT)] goes to infinity faster than (5), i.e. I() 0 as 0.

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

SUNS INTENSITY CURVE

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

Wiens law states that

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

Wiens law allows us to calculate the temperature

maxT = 2.8979 106 nmK.

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

STEFAN BOLTZNANN LAW

The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that a