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Electrostatic Precipitator
Electrostatic Precipitator
PRECIPITATOR
By
Surender Kumar
Ash generation
Sixty four per cent
electricity production
country.
Environmental Issues
Use of high ash content coal in power generation
leads to the following environmental issues :
Air pollution
Emission of particulate matter (dust)
Emission of sulphur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen
Green house gas emissions
Water pollution
Cooling water discharge
Ash pond effluent
Solid waste
Large volume of coal ash generation
Particulate matter
emission
350 mg/Nm3
210 MW or more
150 mg/Nm3
Electrostatic Type
Cyclonic Collector
Cyclonic separation relies on both,
gravitational and centrifugal forces in
separation of components.
Cyclonic separation can be used to
clear gases and fluids that contain rough
particles.
When fluid or gas enters the cyclone with
high enough pressure, a spiral flow is
created.
Rough particles, being heavier, are thrown
into the wall of the separator where they sink
down into the bottom of the separator
Removed and the fluid flows out from the
outlet pipe that is situated at the center of the
cyclone.
Wet Scrubber
Venturi Scrubber
Electrostatic Precipitator:
Works for particles
down to 1m
Collection
efficiency is more
than 99%
Uses about 40,000
to 80000 Volts
Location
Principle of Operation
I.
Corona Generation
Corona Generation
Ionization of gas molecules by electron collision
in regions of high electric field strength
The process of corona generation requires a
non uniform electric field which is obtained by a
small diameter wire as one electrode
It results in high electric field near the wire
The electric field decreases inversely from the
wire surface
Corona generation
Electrons are present near the wire in high
electric field
Are accelerated to high velocities and
possess sufficient energy
Impact take place with gas molecules in
region
Orbital electrons are removed (process
multiplies)
Gas molecules are ionized
Negative corona
Discharge electrode is negatively charged
Collecting electrodes are earthed.
Particle Charging
Particle Collection
Forces on particles are gravitational,
inertial and aerodynamic forces
Migration velocity is the velocity where
electric and viscous drag forces are equal
Particle Removal
The collected particles are to be removed
by washing or rapping
The ash particles fall into a hopper with
some re-entrainment of ash
So, small portions are to be rapped in one
time
Electrostatic Precipitators
Components of ESP
Mechanical System
Casing
Transformer
Hoppers
Rectifiers
Insulators
Heaters
Rapping system
Casing
An all welded steel structure assembled
from pre-fabricated wall and roof-panels
designed for horizontal gas flow
Gas pressure and temperature and the
wind load will cause the casing structure
to flex
The electrodes must remain perfectly
alligned during operation
Hoppers
Pyramidal type
The valley angle of the hoppers (angle
between hopper corner and horizontal) be
more than 55 degrees for easy flow of dust
Lower portions of the hoppers are provided
with electrical heaters with thermostatic
control
Provided with gas baffles
Electrodes
Collecting electrodes are made of steel plates
and shaped in one piece
Upper edge of the plates is provided with hooks
which are hung from support angles welded to
the roof structure
The lower edge of each plate has a shock
receiving plate
Emitting electrodes are wire type, best suited fo
difficult dusts with high electric resistivity
Rapping System-emitting
Electrodes
Dust is also accumulated on emitting electrodes
and the corona will gradually be suppressed as
the dust layer grows
Tumbling hammers are mounted on a horizontal
shaft in a staggered fashion
One rapping mechanism is provided per
electrical section
The gear motor is controlled by a programme
relay, adjusted to optimum conditions during
commissioning
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Mainly with High voltage transformer rectifier (HVR)
with electronic controller (EC).
The transformer -rectifier supplies the power for
particulate charging and collection.
The basic function of the EC is to feed the
precipitator with maximum power input under
constant current regulation.
Should there be any flash over between collecting
and emitting electrodes, the EC will sense the flash
over and quickly react by bringing the input voltage
to zero and blocking it for a specific period.
750.1 Cu.m/sec
Temperature
123 C
Dust Concentration
74.51gms/Nm
Four
Six
99.87%
0.893 m/sec
25.2 secs
Collecting electrodes
No.of rows per field
57
No. per fields
342
Total no. of collecting plates per boiler 8208
Nominal ht. of each plate
12.5 m
Nominal length of each plate
750
mm
Specific collecting area
167.96
sq.m/cu.m/sec
Emitting electrode
Type
Spiral with hook
Size
Dia. 2.7 mm
No. of electrodes in one row
324
No. of electrodes in one field
3024
Total no. of electrodes per boiler 72576
Plate / wire spacing
150 mm
Hoppers
Type
Pyramidal
Nos.
72
Capacity
8 hours storage
Heating Electrical heaters provided for the
bottom of hoppers
Perforated
plate, 2 sets
Inlet and outlet of ESP
Rectifiers
Rating
70 KV peak
No.
48
Type
Silicon diodes full wave
bridge connection
Mounted on the top
Thyristor
48
in the control room
Field Currents
Fields
Current
in Ma
Pressure Loss
Resistance negligible, rarely more than
25 mm w.g. Fan power costs are
therefore low.
Adaptability
Tolerates considerable fluctuations in
operating conditions.
Effect on Dust
Normally the dust is recovered in its
original state.
Maintenance
Internal items: maintenance at normal
plant shut- down usually suffices.
External items: regular but not frequent.
Durability
Robust construction gives longer life
under arduous conditions.
Abrasion effects are insignificant due to
low operating velocities.
Labour
Minimum operator supervision required.
Operation
Switch on electric heaters 24 hrs. prior to ESP
charging
Switch on rapping motors just before boiler light
up
The ESP should not be energized unless flue
gas temperature exceeds the dew point
temperature
During oil firing ESP can be charged with 50mA
field currents in all fields
If flashover occurs, reduce the voltage level
LOCATION OF ESP
ECO
APH
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ESP
CHIMNE
Y
60
ESP
Collector plate
Emitter coil
Flue gas
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Gas distribution
plate
61
1.Electron emission
1
ESP PROCESS
Dust layer
STEPS
2.Dust particle charging
Collecting
electrode,
grounded
2
3
3.Migration
5.Rapping
5
4
4.dust collection
Rapping mechanism
62
EMITTING SYSTEM
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63
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64
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Rapping
Mechanism
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Collecting
electrodes
Emitting
electrodes
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Rapping
Mechanism
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Rectifier
Transformer
Rapping
Motors
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72
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ESP HOPPER
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Working Principle
Emitting
electrode
collecting
electrode
Weakest field
Weakest field
Strongest field
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Voltage in
KV
SPARK
Time in
msec
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THANK YOU
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