CHEMISTERY PROJECT

TERM I
BY
A. HRUSHYANG
CLASS XI

DEFINATION
Water purification is
the process of
removing undesirable
chemicals, biological
contaminants,
suspended solids and
gases from
contaminated water
to make it fit for
drinking.

Need for Water

Purification

Although reasonably pure, it is

always variable due to
seasonal variations, regional
variation in water quality.

For removing impurities and

control microbes to avoid
contamination.

The treatment of water majorly

depends on waters chemistry
and contaminants, influenced
by, e.g. rainfall, erosion,
pollution, etc.

IF PURIFICATION IS NOT DONE IT

MAY LEADS TO VARIOUS
DISEASES DUE TO THE MICROBES
PRESENT IN IT.

Process of
Purification of
Water
The process of
purification of the
water majorly
involves four
methods i.e. :

Sedimentation tank

Loading tank

Filtration tank

Chlorination tank

Sedimentation Tank
Water entering into the
sedimentation tanks
contains suspended
particles (sediments).
These sediments settle
to the bottom of the
tanks forms sludge which
is then driven to the
outlet using scrappers so
that the water is free
from suspended material
like rocks, soil, etc.

The addition of inorganic coagulants

such asaluminium sulphate(oralum)
or iron (III) salts such asiron(III)
chloridecause several simultaneous
chemical and physical interactions on
and among the particles. Within
seconds, negative charges on the
particles are neutralized by inorganic
coagulants. Also within seconds, metal
hydroxide precipitates of the
aluminium and iron (III) ions begin to
form. These precipitates combine into
larger particles under natural
processes such asBrownian
motionand through induced mixing
which is sometimes referred to
asflocculation. The term most often
used for the amorphous metal
hydroxides is floc. Large,
amorphous aluminium and iron (III)
hydroxides adsorb and enmesh
particles in suspension and facilitate
the removal of particles by
subsequent processes

Loading Tank

Filtration Tank
In this tank the water moves
vertically through sand which
often has a layer ofactivated
carbonor anthracite coalabove
the sand. The top layer
removes organic compounds,
which contribute to taste and
odour. The space between sand
particles is larger than the
smallest suspended particles,
so simple filtration is not
enough. Most particles pass
through surface layers but are
trapped in pore spaces or
adhere to sand particles.
Effective filtration extends into
the depth of the filter.

Chlorination Tank
The most common disinfection
method involves Chlorination.
Chlorine is a strongoxidantthat
rapidly kills many harmful microorganisms. Because chlorine is a
toxic gas, there is a danger of a
release associated with its use.
This problem is avoided by the
use ofsodium hypochlorite,
which is a relatively inexpensive
solution that releases free
chlorine when dissolved in water.
Chlorine solutions can be
generated on site by
electrolyzing common salt
solutions. After water passing
from this Chlorination tank the
water is supplied to our houses.

IF Water is not Purified

Water is another fertile source of disease,
many organic and inorganic impurities making
their way into it. It is to the former that its
unhealthful is generally due. Nearly all water
from the earth contains some mineral
ingredients, few of which are harmful, some of
which are healthful. The waters of many
mineral springs serve as remedies for serious
disorders of the system. The chief source of
water pollution lies in organic impurities,
which are carried through the soil from
cesspools, manure heaps, and similar sources
into wells, or are emptied by sewers into the
rivers from which many cities now derive their
drinking water. The lack of sufficient water
may also be a cause of disease. The person
and clothes are not properly washed, houses
and streets are dirty, and the sewers become
clogged with filth. As a result there is a
general lower state of health of the
community, and typhoid fever and diarrhoea
may be prevalent.

Diseases caused by Impure

water
CHOLERA
Cholera, whose germs are now thought to be
conveyed only by water. The great epidemic
at Hamburg in 1892, was traced to sewage
water from cholera patients getting into the
river Elbe, which supplies the city with
water. This frequently, perhaps almost
wholly, comes from a like distribution of the
bacterial germs of the disease by water.
Typhoid fever has been traced to this cause
in numerous instances. This was the case at
Over Darwin in 1874, when a drain
containing the excreta of a typhoid patient
was blocked, and its contents got in the
main pipe of the water supply. As a result,
out of a population of22,000 there were
2,035 cases of typhoid fever and 104 deaths.
In Bangor, in 1882, there occurred an
epidemic of typhoid fever, affecting 540
persons out of a population of10,000, of
whom 42 died. This was found to be caused
by the excreta of a single typhoid patient
getting into a small stream which discharged
into the river supplying the town with water.

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is probably conveyed

and caused by impure water,
but this is not yet absolutely
proved. Dysentery is well known
in tropical countries to be
caused by impure water, as was
proved by an outbreak at Cape
Coast Castle, where it was
caused by the passage of
sewage into one of the drinking
tanks. Diarrhoea has been
caused in epidemic form by
impure water, as was shown in
the old Salford jail, where the
untrapped overflow pipe from a
cistern of drinking water
communicated with a sewer,
and the water had thus
absorbed sewer gas, and
probably germs.