A

N
E
O
I
S
T
A
N
E
LN
E
S
I V RO M A
D E T AL
R
P ON D S
C AJJA
S

D
N

DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Controlling the reservoir
Interruption of Transmission
The susceptible host

INTERRUPTION OF TRANSMISSION
Breaking chain of Transmission
Water borne
Food borne
Vector borne
Air borne
Early Diagnosis and Treatment

TYPES OF DISINFECTION
Concurrent Disinfection
Terminal Disinfection
Pre-current (prophylactic) Disinfection

RECOMMENDED DISINFECTION PROCEDURES

Faeces and Urine Collected in impervious
vessels and mixed with equal volumes of
disinfectants Water closet or buried under
ground
Sputum Burning, boiling, autoclaving, adding
disinfectants
Room Thorough cleaning, airing and
exposure to sunlight. Chemical disinfection
chlorine preparations, formaldehyde
fumigation

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
Active Immunisation
Passive Immunisation
Combined Passive and Active
Immunisation
Chemoprophylaxis
Non-specific measures: Surveillance

ACTIVE IMMUNISATION
Herd Immunity
Immunisation Schedule:
Epidemiologically relevant
Immunologically effective
Operationally feasible
Socially acceptable
Universal Immunisation Programme:
May 1947 Expanded Programme on
Immunisation
November 18, 1985 (India)

PASSIVE IMMUNISATION
Normal Human Immunoglobulin
Specific (hyper immune) human
immunoglobulin
Anti-sera or Anti-toxins
For infections that have just occurred or are
imminent
Duration of Immunity induced is short and
variable (1-6 weeks)

COMBINED PASSIVE AND ACTIVE

IMMUNISATION
To provide both immediate (temporary)
passive immunity and slowly developing
active immunity.
Immunoglobulin should not be given
within three weeks before or until two
week s after administration of a live
attenuated vaccine.

CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS
Protection from or prevention of disease
Causal Prophylaxis: Early elimination of
invading or migrating causal agent
Clinical Prophylaxis: Prevention of clinical
symptoms, not necessarily elimination
of infection

NON SPECIFIC MEASURES

Improvements in the quality of life
Formulation of Integrated programmes,
and permitting effective programme
implementation
Community involvement in disease
surveillance, disease control and other
public health activities

SURVEILLANCE
Continuous scrutiny of all aspects of occurrence
and spread of disease that are pertinent to
effective control.
Laboratory confirmation of presumptive
diagnosis
Finding out the source of infection, routes of
transmission
Identification of all cases and susceptible
contacts

INTEGRATED DISEASE SURVEILLANCE

PROGRAMME
Individual Surveillance
Local Population Surveillance
National Population Surveillance
International Surveillance

HEALTH ADVICE TO TRAVELLERS

Crowding, long hours of waiting, disruption
of sleep habits, change in climate
Bathing in polluted water Ear, eye and
skin infections
Excessive heat and humidity Loss of
water and salt
Diarrhoeal Disease Be careful what you
eat
Malaria Chemoprophylaxis
Hepatitis A, B and E, STD and HIV
Yellow Fever, Tetanus