Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TGchapter1 Concepts
TGchapter1 Concepts
TGchapter1 Concepts
TRANSPORT
Transportation
SYSTEMS
THIRD EDITION
and Geography
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
CONCEPTS
Usage Conditions
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If you have accessed this document through a third party (such as a
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Permission to use any graphic material herein in any form of publication,
such as an article, a book or a conference presentation, on any media
must be requested prior to use.
Information cited from this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P
et al. (2013) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University,
Department of Global Studies & Geography, http://
people.hofstra.edu/geotrans.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
What is Transport
Geography?
THIRD EDITION
Concept 1
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Ef
or
t
D
is
ta
n
ce
Volume
Friction
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transportability of Freight
Cargo
Weight
Storage
Fragility
Perishable
Coal
Heavy (0.83
g/cc)
Simple (piling)
None
None
Grain
Heavy (0.83
g/cc)
Average (silos)
Low
Low
Petroleum
Heavy (0.88
g/cc)
Simple (tanks)
None
None
Clothing
Average
Average
(distribution
center)
Low
None
Fruits
Average
Complex
(temperature
controlled)
High
High
Container
Average (15-20
tons)
Average
(stacking)
Low
Cargo
dependent
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Working
Direct
Commuti
ng
Activity
Vacation
ing
Manufac
turing
Taxi
Air
travel
Truck
Containe
rship
Services
Warehou
sing
Indirect
Services
Energy
Derived Demand
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transport Distance
A
Delivery
Pickup
Mode 1
Transshipment
2
Mode
Logistical Distance
A
Order
Pickup
Order Processing
Packing
Scheduling
Mode 1
Delivery
B
Transshipment
2
e
Mod
Inventory Management
Sorting
Unpacking
Warehousing
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Walking Cycling
Driving
Movement
Friction of Distance
D(C)
D(D)
Time
D(W)
Distance (D)
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Commuting
Shopping
Recreation
Fr
Passengers
Distance
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Freight
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Spatial Flows
Trade
European
Power
a
c
b
d
Hinterland
City
Port
Hierarchical
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Cruise ship
Passengers
Passenger train
Airplane
5,000
Bus
Car
1
Atomization
Person
Parcel
Part
1,000
50
500
Massificatio
100
25
Container
1,000
10,000
Truck
Cargo plane
100,000
400,000
Freight train
Containership
Tons
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
13,000
Annual car production (millions)
(left axis)
50
12,000
40
10,000
30
9,000
20
8,000
10
7,000
6,000
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
1930
1940
Sea freight1950
rates
1960
1970
1980
Air transport (Average revenue per passenger-km)
Telephone call (3 minutes, New York / London)
Computers
1990
2000
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Economic
Social
Political
Environmental
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transportation
System
Adaptability
Transport companies
competing in ofering
services.
Selforganization
Autonomous adaptation to
changing conditions as a result of
the adaptability of the individual
components.
Attractors
Non-linearity
Congestion.
Phase
transition
NATURAL SCIENCES
Cartography Field
TransportPopulationRegional
methods demand geographyplanning
Spatial
MATHEMATICS,
Information
Transport Transport Regional Regional
statistics,
COMPUTER systems
economics
modeling networks nodes geography
SCIENCE
ECONOMICS
Land
use
Transport geography
Passengers
Freight Information
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
ct
u
In
fra
st
ru
Networks
ns
Linkages
Capacity
Passengers
tio
ca
Lo
re
s
Volume
Frequency
Freight Information
Flows
Origins
Destinations
Intermediacy
Nodes
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
g
n
Technology
Freight Information
y
g hy
lo p
io r a
oc g
S mo
e
D
P
la
P nn
ol i
ic ng
y
Economics
ri
ee
in
C M
om a
p th
u em
te
r at
sc ic
ie s
n
ce
g
En
Passengers
History
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
50
35
65
50
25
35
40
30
35
30
30 40
40 45
c
60
55
65
65
60
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transfer
Hub / Gateway
Terminal
Route
Bottleneck
Reliability
Integration
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Transportation and
Space
THIRD EDITION
Concept 2
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Absolute Barrier
Arbitrary Barrier
Modal Change
Detour
Relative Barrier
B
Arbitrary Barrier
Low
High
Friction
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Location
Traffic
Openin
g
Length
Gotthard Base
Tunnel
Swiss Alps
Rail
2017
57.1 km
Seikan Tunnel
Strait of Tsugaru,
Japan
Rail
1988
53.8 km
Channel Tunnel
English Channel
(UK-France)
Rail (High
speed)
1994
50.4 km
Ltschberg Base
Tunnel
Swiss Alps
Rail
2007
34.6 km
Guadarrama
Tunnel
Sierra de
Guadarrama,
Spain
Rail (High
speed)
2007
28.4 km
Taihang Tunnel
Taihang
Mountains, China
Rail (High
speed)
2008
27.8 km
Iwate-Ichinohe
Tunnel
u Mountains,
Japan
Rail (High
speed)
2002
25.8 km
Lrdal Tunnel
Lrdal - Aurland,
Road
2000
24.5 km
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Principle
Cold
(Pole)
Warm (Equator)
Polar
Cell
Polar Front
Ferrel
Cell
Horse Latitudes
Hadley
Cell
Intertropical Convergence Zone
TRADE WINDS
Cold
(Pole)
WESTERLIES
Global Structure
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Seasonal
Variation of
Global Wind
Patterns
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Situation (Connectivity)
Global
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Location
Distance
Fixedness
Attributes
Relativity
Dynamics
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Diversification
Specialization
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Dispersion
Concentration
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Travel Time (A B)
T1 (1950)
A
A
TT
6.2 hours
2.6 hours
B
B
T2 (2000)
T
Time
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
1,000
Travel Time (Minutes)
London - Edinburgh
(520 km)
100
10
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Industrial Revolution
250
Days
200
150
/ Time
Convergence
100
50
0
1850
1875
1900
Modern Era
1925
1950
1975
2000
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
20
15
10
5
0
1840
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
KM
USA
UK
Developing countries
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Potential
Main Issues
Road (automobiles,
buses, trucks)
None to limited
Congestion.
Operational safety (speed
limits).
Limited access highways.
Rail (Freight)
Limited
Rail (Passengers)
Good to
significant
Air
None to limited
Energy consumption.
Congestion at airport terminals.
Abandonment of supersonic
services.
Maritime
None to limited
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Transportation and
Commercial Geography
THIRD EDITION
Concept 3
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
A: Product
B: Production
C: Innovation
D: Difusion
C
B
A
D
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1900 1913 1940 1970 2008
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
1,116,247,000,000.00
1,155,316,000,000.00
1,371,764,000,000.00
1,490,810,000,000.00
1,736,051,000,000.00
1,847,981,000,000.00
1,857,770,000,000.00
2,194,750,000,000.00
2,431,589,000,000.00
2,476,652,000,000.00
2,773,072,000,000.00
3,570,556,000,000.00
5,867,154,000,000.00
7,318,499,000,000.00
15,094,025,000,000.00
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Japan; 7%
China; 6%
Germany; 5%
Other G8; 15%
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Sphere of Transactions
Sphere of Circulation
Movements
Transactions
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Space
Transacti
ons
Circulati
on
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Competitive Advantages
Added
Value
Scarcity
Imitation
cost
Low
Competitiv
e
Disadvanta
ge
Competitiv
e Parity
Temporary
Competitive
Advantage
High
Sustained
Competitive
Advantage
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Brazil
Germany
China
United States
India
World
Japan
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Brazil
Germany
China
United States
India
World
Japan
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Comparative Advantages
CompetitivenessCapabilities
Added-value /
Complexity
High
Share of
Manufacturing
Low
GDP per capita
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30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
Exports
Imports
15.0%
10.0%
19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000200220042006200820102012
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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61.8
51.3
45.3
33.9
28.3
Ton-miles of freight
23.8
Tons of freight
18.4
Employment
Resident population
13.5
10.8
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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400,000
1.8
350,000
300,000
250,000
Millions of Dollars
200,000
150,000
100,000
1.6
1.4
1.2
Ratio Inventories / Sales
1
0.8
50,000
0.6
0.4
Retail Sales
End of Month Retail Inventories
Ratio Inventories / Sales
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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700,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
500,000,000,000
400,000,000,000
300,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
100,000,000,000
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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Developing
countries
1,600,000
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
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Market Size
Global
ntia
e
t
o
P
t
Marke
Integrated demand
Number of providers
Local
Time
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Function
Maritime shipping
companies
Control long distance segments of the global freight distribution linking major markets.
Highly capital intensive industry. Decide of their network configuration (ports of call
and routing).
Port authorities
Manage and plan port infrastructures. Tend to lease terminal operations. Important
intermediaries for regional distribution (hinterland).
Develop logistics zones (build to lease, build to suit), often in coordination with
terminals (rail and port). Manage a real estate portfolio of distribution centers (leases).
Operate strategic passages in global and national distribution (e.g. the Panama Canal,
the Suez Canal or the St. Lawrence Seaway).
Strategic inland freight carriers transporting a wide array of raw materials and
commodities. Responsible for many of the transshipments between rail and road,
particularly for containerized freight.
Trucking industry
Control vast and diverse assets that include critical segments of freight distribution in
all economic sectors. Short and medium haul transport.
Important managerial and organizational skills within supply chains. Often act as
brokers between transport customers and service providers. Some own and operate
transport assets.
Important assets for the rapid distribution of high value added freight. Decide of their
network configuration (airports serviced).
Freight forwarders
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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Supplier
Parts or
Parts or
raw materials
finished goods
Inventory
Orders
Manufacturer / Orders
TransportationDistributor Transportation
Customer
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Commercial Footprint
Total Footprint
Distribution Footprin
Retail Footprint
Distribution-Based
Retail-Based
Store
Distribution center
Consumer
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Haul
Haul
Empty Backhaul
Backhaul
Empty
Haul
Empty Backhaul
Short Hauls
Regulatory Constraints
C
A
A
B
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THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
THIRD EDITION
The Geography of
Transportation
Networks
Concept 4
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Network Structures
Centralized
Decentralized
Distributed
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FEEDER
Flow
NODE
HUB
GATEWAY
Link
Corridor
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Types of Flows
Continuous / Discontinuous
Symmetrical / Asymmetrical
Balanced / Imbalanced
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Centrifugal
Centripetal
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Point-to-Point
Hub-and-Spoke
Hub
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550
3,000
5
2
1,550 5
525
3,000
3,000
3,000
Total: 15,000
525
550
5
2
5
550
Total: 5,850
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Network
Before Integration
Flows
International border
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4
3
Cost: 10
10
Revenue: 15
Benefit: 5
B
Cost: 12
Revenue: 18
Benefit: 6
C
Cost: 14
Revenue: 25
Benefit: 11
Cost: 19
Revenue: 29
Benefit: 10
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Rate
Low
High
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Topology of a Network
Link
Unidirectional link
Bi-directional link
Node
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Network Topologies
Mesh
Linear
Hub-and-Spoke
Tree
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n/2 = 2
(n+1)/2 = 3
n-1 = 5
n(n-1)/2 = 10
2(n-1)/2 = 8
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Minimum Network
Geographic Barrier
Network Length
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Abstraction level
Concrete
Relative location
Abstract
1
Orientation and
extent
Modes and
Terminals
Railyard Port
Maritime
Rail
Road
Depot
Continuous
5
1
Number of edges
6and nodes
125 km
t /h r
3500
50
90 km
8000
t/hr
Volume and
direction
Hierarchical
0.3
Typology of
Transportat
ion
Networks
Divided
Type of traffic
Load and
capacity
Non- hierarchical
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.7
Type of
correspondence
Linear
Pattern
Mesh
Random
Change (dynamics)
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Transport Network
Space
Accessibility
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Rail
Air corridor
r v ic
e
s
No
Road
Cellular coverage
idor
r
r
o
c
e
Maritim
Clearly Defined
Vaguely Defined
Without Definition
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Absolute Distance
10 km
Relative Distance
30 minutes
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Fractionalization
Instantaneity
Automobil
e
High (road
coverage the
most extensive)
None (1 passenger
= 1 movement)
High (available on
demand)
Transit
Average (within
metropolitan
areas)
Average to high
(fixed high
frequency
schedules)
Air
transport
Limited to
airports
(common)
Average (plane
Average (fixed
loads from 50 to 500 schedules and
passengers)
connections)
Maritime
Limited to ports
(rare)
Low (fixed
schedules and
connections)
Rail
Limited to rail
terminals
(common)
Average (train
loads)
Average (fixed
schedule)
Pipeline
Limited to
network
Low (continuous
flow)
High (continuous
flow)
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Emerging
Network
Outcome
Pre-colonial
Empire building
Colonial Era
Maritime
19th Century
Nation building,
commerce and political
control
20th Century
National and
transnational integration
21st Century
Telecommunication
Copyright 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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