Mips 101

Instruction Set Architecture
An overview of MIPS R3000

assembly language
Fall 2004
SYCS-401 Operating Systems
Overview
Review of the concept of an Instruction

SetArchitecture (ISA)
Understand the format of MIPS
assembly source files
Be able to identify the registers of the
R3000 and their purpose
Be able to understand the effects of a
subset of instructions of the MIPS R3000
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
Fall 2004
Opcodes and Operands
add $a0, $t1, $t0

Operands
Opcode
(arguments)
(Instruction)
Fall 2004
Simple Assembler Program

.globlmain
.text
main:
#Programstartshere.
li$t0,5 #Loadtheintegervalue5
#intoregistert0
li$t1,19 #Load19intoregistert1
add$t2,$t1,$t0#Addregisterst0andt1
#toproducet2
li$v0,1 #Setupaprintintegercall
#toprinttheresult
move$a0,$t2
syscall
li$v0,10 #Setupanexitcall
syscall
#Dotheexitthing
Add the integers 5 and 19, and print the result. 8

Fall 2004
Instruction Set Architecture

(ISA)
Think of the ISA as the hardware/software

interface
In this lecture we look at some aspects of
MIPS ISA,
including:
Some opcodes
Required operands
Fall 2004
there are no implicit operands in MIPS
Means of accessing RAM

Number of registers
Instruction format
etc., etc.
MIPS: ISA generations (I to

IV)
MIPS I (8 MHz, 32b architecture)
MIPS II (40 MHz, 32b architecture)
R3000
MIPS III (to 250 MHz pipeline, 64b

architecture)
R2000 (first commercial MIPS processor)
R4x00
MIPS IV
Fall 2004
R8000
R10000
R5000
Fall 2004
MIPS Registers
Fall 2004
General-Purpose Registers
Fall 2004
Fall 2004
Fall 2004
Fall 2004
Fall 2004
Fall 2004
Fall 2004
Fall 2004
MIPS opcode formats
Fall 2004
MIPS Instruction
Categories
Arithmetic instructions
Logical instructions
Branch and jump instructions
add, subtract, multiply, divide comparison
conditional (branch)
unconditional (jump)
Data transfer (load & store)

instructions
Fall 2004
Arithmetic Instructions
add
subtract
multiply
divide
compare
shift / rotate
not covered here
Fall 2004
Arithmetic Instructions:
Add
Registers
ADD destinationReg, sourceReg, targetReg
Destination Source + Target
Fall 2004
Add
Unsigned
ADDU destinationReg, sourceReg, targetReg
Fall 2004
Add
Immediate
ADDI destinationReg, sourceReg, targetReg
Fall 2004
MIPS Opcode Map
Fall 2004
MIPS Opcode Map
Fall 2004
MIPS System Calls (syscall)
Fall 2004
DivideDIVRegisters
sourceReg, targetReg
$lo (quotient), $hi (remainder) Source / Target
Fall 2004
Multiply
Registers
MUL sourceReg, targetReg
$lo (low word), $hi (high word) Source x Target
Fall 2004
Set
if Less Than
SLT destinationReg, sourceReg, targetReg
Destination Source < Target) ? 1 : 0
Fall 2004
SLT
Immediate
SLTI destinationReg, sourceReg, immediate
Destination Source < immediate) ? 1 : 0
Fall 2004
Some other arithmetic

instructions
Fall 2004
Logical Instructions
Logical AND
logical OR
XOR
NOT
Fall 2004
Logical
AND
AND destinationReg, sourceReg, targetReg
Destination Source AND Target
Fall 2004
Logical
OR
OR destinationReg, sourceReg, targetReg
Destination Source OR Target
Fall 2004
Some other Logical

instructions
Fall 2004
Branch and Jump

Instructions
These alter the (otherwise) linear flow of
control.
There are two main types of go to
instruction
unconditional ( always go to )
> jump
conditional ( if then go to )
> branch (indicating an alternative
flow)
Fall 2004
Branch and Jump

Instructions
Fall 2004
Jump Instructions: Jump

J label
Jump to instruction at label
Fall 2004
Jump Instructions: Jump &

Link
JAL label
Place the address of the next instruction (PC + 4) in $ra. Jump to the instruction at
label
Fall 2004
Jump Instructions: Jump &

Link
Fall 2004
Branch Instructions:
Branch on Equal
BEQ sourceRegister, targetRegister, label

If (sourceRegister == targetRegister)
go to instruction at label
Fall 2004
Branch Instructions:
Branch if Equal to Zero
BEQZ sourceRegister, label

If (sourceRegister == 0)
go to instruction at label
Fall 2004
Some other Jump/Branch

instructions
Fall 2004
Data transfer instructions
MIPS is a load-and-store architecture

The only instructions that access RAM are
those\
which load to (or store from) registers
Note that all other instructions operate on
registers
To change a value in memory, you must
therefore:
load it to a register
alter it
store it back in memory
Fall 2004
Data Transfer Instructions:

LoadLAAddress
destinationRegister, address
destinationRegister calculated address
Fall 2004

LoadLI Immediate
destinationRegister, immediate
destinationRegister immediate value
Fall 2004

Move from
HI
MFHI destinationRegister
destinationRegister HI register
Fall 2004

Load Byte
LB targetRegister, label
Load targetRegister with the byte value at address label
Fall 2004

StoreSBByte
targetRegister, label
Store low byte value in targetRegister at address label
Fall 2004

Load LW
Word
targetRegister, label
Load targetRegister with the word value at address label
Fall 2004

Move
MOVE destinationRegister, sourceRegister
destinationRegister sourceRegister
Fall 2004
Some other Data Transfer

instructions
Fall 2004
Assembler directives:
Examples
Fall 2004
Template.s
Fall 2004
Example.s
Fall 2004
Assembler Syntax
Comments
Identifiers
identifier { a-z A-Z _ . } { a-z A-Z _ . 0-9 }*
Label declaration (follow by a colon)
begin with a # and continue to the end of the

line
identifier:
Strings (use double quotes; special

characters use backslash)
\t \Hello World\ is \nthe usual example!
Fall 2004
High Level Language

Constructs
How do we code if-then, if-then-else,
while, do-while, for, and switch
statements.
Examples:
Assume The existence of a 32b integer
(labeled x) is assumed:
.data
x:
.word 0
Fall 2004
If Construct
Fall 2004
If Construct
Fall 2004
If Construct
Fall 2004
Post-Test Loop
Fall 2004
Post-Test Loop
Fall 2004
Simple Assembler Program

.globlmain
.text
main:
#Programstartshere.
li$t0,5
#Loadtheintegervalue5
#intoregistert0
li$t2,$a0
#sett2=0
bltz$t0,done
#ift0<=0thengotodone
start:
add$t2,$t2,$t0#Addregisterst0andt1
#toproducet2
subi$t0,t0,1 #t0=t01
jstart
done:
li$v0,1
#Setupaprintintegercall
#toprinttheresult
move$a0,$t2
syscall
Fall 2004
li$v0,10
#Setupanexitcall
syscall
#Dotheexitthing
Assembly vs. High-Level

Languages (HLLs)
Fall 2004
Producing an Executable
Fall 2004
Procedure Calls
The terminology tends to be rather

loose.
One view:
functions return values whereas

procedures do not
Here the terms are used

interchangeably
Fall 2004
Link Instructions
Link instructions leave a return

address on register $ra (31)
Unconditional (jump and link)
This is the address of the next

instruction, PC + 4.
jal
Conditional (branch and link)
b*al
Fall 2004
bgezal, bltzal, etc.

Returning from a
procedure
There is a jump register

instruction that jumps to the
address held in the specified
register
Typical use:
jr$ra
Note, however, that the specified

register does not need to be $ra
Fall 2004
Procedure Calls
Fall 2004
Passing function
arguments
Recall the register conventions that

MIPS uses
$a0 - $a3 are used for passing
arguments
Arguments must be simple

There is a limit of 4 by this convention
Greater demands than these are

met by use of the stack
Fall 2004
Returning values
Register conventions also specify

that registers $v0 - $v1 may be
used for returning values from a
function
Similar constraints apply to
argument-passing
Fall 2004
The Stack
Fall 2004
Uses of the stack
Save registers that are meant to

be preserved by the calling code.
Pass complex arguments to a
procedure
Use for local variables
Fall 2004
variables with local scope that are

destroyed once the procedure has
completed
Procedure Call
Conceptually
Fall 2004
Caller Template
(Calling the function)
Pass arguments to the function
first 4 arguments use registers $a0 $a3

more arguments must use the stack
Save any important values that are

held in temporary registers
Execute jump/branch and link
instruction
Fall 2004
Called template (Start)

Make room on the stack
Why subtraction?
Store any registers of interest
subi $sp, $sp, <bytes>
$ra if your routine makes a function

call
Why?
Fall 2004
Any $s0-$s7 registers that will be used

Called template (Finish)
Make returned values available
Restore any registers that were saved
$ra, $s0-$s7
Pop the stack
Put in $v0, $v1
addi $sp, $sp, <bytes>
Return
Fall 2004
jr $ra
Caller template (Returning

from
the
function)
Handle results, if any
registers $v0, $v1
Restore saved values, if any
Fall 2004
Sources
Indigo image and specs
http://www.sgi.com
For the R2000 instruction set
Patterson, D.A., & Hennesy, J.L., (1994).
ComputerOrganization and Design: The
Hardware / Software Interface, Morgan
Kaufmann. (Appendix A)
Available online at:
http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~larus/SPIM/codappa.pdf
Fall
For
the R3000 instruction
set
2004

Mips 101

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Mips 101

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Instruction Set Architecture

An overview of MIPS R3000

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

Review of the concept of an Instruction

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

Opcodes and Operands

add $a0, $t1, $t0

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

Simple Assembler Program

Add the integers 5 and 19, and print the result. 8

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

Instruction Set Architecture

Think of the ISA as the hardware/software

there are no implicit operands in MIPS

Means of accessing RAM

MIPS: ISA generations (I to

MIPS I (8 MHz, 32b architecture)

MIPS II (40 MHz, 32b architecture)

MIPS III (to 250 MHz pipeline, 64b

R2000 (first commercial MIPS processor)

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

MIPS opcode formats

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

add, subtract, multiply, divide comparison

Data transfer (load & store)

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

not covered here

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

MIPS Opcode Map

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

MIPS Opcode Map

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

MIPS System Calls (syscall)

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

Some other arithmetic

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

Some other Logical

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

Branch and Jump

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

Branch and Jump

SYCS-401 Operating Systems

Jump Instructions: Jump

SYCS-401 Operating Systems