28/09/15

INTRODUCTION TO
PSYCHOLOGY
Prof Madya Dr. MaRof Redzuan
Sains Kemasyarakatan dan Pembangunan
Fakulti Ekologi Manusia

INTRODUCTION TO
PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGICAL
QUESTIONS
1.

Why people feel sad

2.

Why people commited

suicide?

3.

Why people involve

themselves in war?

4.

Why people become insane?

5.

Why you eat, drink, act

aggresively, and fall in
love?

6.

How human beings develop

from featus to adulthood?

7.

Why human beings behave

as they do?

And a lot more questions

The interest in studying human beings

The concept of PSYCHOLOGY

1.
2.

PSYCHO LOGY:
Psyche mind
Logos science
Defination
A science that studies
behavior and mental
process of an individual.

A Study of Individual Human Being

Main Concepts
Science:
Knowledge acquired through scientific methods
Behavior:
Any movement of the body (soma)

Mental
process

Mental Process:
Mental activities take place in the brain
1.
Thinking: memorization, perception,
reasoning, evaluation, beliefs.
2.
Emotion: sadness, happiness, anxiety.
3.
Feeling: like, hate
4.
Motive: intention
Some mental processes are manifested in forms
of behavior.

Behavior

Mental processes take place in the brain

Brain is the most important

organ of our body. Every part
has specific functions in our
life.

Do you understand the meaning of

psychology?

Science that studies the mental processes an

behaviour of an individual.
Behavior: bodily movement that can be seen
(soma)
Mental process: any mental activity that takes place
in the brain.

The aims of psychological knowledge

Explain
Describe
Predict
Intervention
Could you explain
Psychological phenomena that
are happening around you in
your everyday life.

American soldiers in a stressful

conditions during the Gulf War
How can psychological knowledge
be used to explain this
phenomenon?

What We Know About Human Behavior

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Human beings are biological

creatures
Every person is different, yet
much the same
People can be understood fully
only in the context of their
culture, ethnic identity, and
gender identity.
Human lives are a continuous of
change
Behavior is motivated
Humans are social animals
People play an active part in
creating their experience
Behavior has multiple causes
Behavior can be adaptive and
maladaptive

A Brief History of Psychology

A Brief History

History of Psychology

MAIN THEORIES IN
PSYCHOLOGY

Structuralism
Functionalism
Gestalt
Psychoanalysis
Behaviorism
Social learning
Humanistic
Cognitive
Biological
Sosiobudaya
Evolution

Structuralism

First school of thought in

psychology
Main proponent Wilhelm Wundt
Elaborated by Edward Titchner
Study the structure of the brain
Mental structure consisted of
several parts such as sense,
perception and emotion struktur
Main method - introspection

Functionalism

First psychological school of thought

in America.
Against structuralism.
Human mental is not inform of
blocks
Stresses on the function mind in the
process of human adaptation in the
environment.
Perception, emotion, memory, and
other mental process have some
functions for the survival of human
beings.
Main proponent - WILLIAM JAMES.
What is the different between human
being and animals?

Gestalt Psychology
School of thoueht
based on the belief
that human
consciousness
cannot be broken
down into
elements.
Gestalt An
organized or
unified whole

Gestalt

Psychodinamics
Based originally on
Freuds thinking.
These theories assume
that behavior is due to
the interaction of
psychological forces,
such as unpleasant
childhood experiences,
unconcious conflicts and
unconcious thoughts,
attitudes, and emotions
Psikoanalisis sebagai teori dan
Psikoanalisis sebagai kaedah
terapi

Psychoanalysis

Psikoanalisis sebaga
Pendekatan terapi

Behaviorism
A learning approach
that insists on
analyzing only
observable stimuli and
observable
responses, giving little
attention to mental
proces

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner

Brutus. F. Skinner

Social Learning Perspecive

a learning eprspective
that shares
behaviorisms interest
in looking for principles
of learning to explain
behavior, but also
examines how
perceptions, feelings,
and thoughts can
influence behavior.

Humanistic School of Thought

Explain behaviors in
terms of how people
choose to behave
and argue that
people can grow
psychologically,
develop their
potential, and make
rational choice.

Rogers: THINK POSITIVE

Abraham Maslow:
Hierarchy of Needs

Cognitive Perspective
An approach to
behavior that focuses
on thinking processes
and information
processing, including
how people perceive,
interpret, and
remember
information

Sociocultural Perspectives
Cross-cultural
perspective: An approach
that compares the
behavior and mental
processes of people from
various cultures in
different countries.
Multicultural perspective:
an approach that studies
various cultural groups
within one country.

Evolutionary Psychology Perspective

Emphasizes the
importance of functional
purpose and adaptation
in explaining why
behaviors are formed,
are modified, and
survive

Biological/ Behavioral Neuroscience

Perspective
Views understanding
the brain and nervous
system as central to
understanding
behavior, thought, and
emotion.

Summaries of the theories

Application of Psychological Perspectives

SCOPES AND FIELDS IN SOCIOLOGY

Two areas of Psychology
- Basic areas
- applied areas

Applied areas
Basic areas:

1.

Clinical psychology

2.

Counseling psychology

3.

Organization and industrial

psychology

1.

Neuropsychology

2.

Sensation and perception

3.

Learning

4.

School and educational psychology

4.

Cognition

5.

Psychology of health

5.

Developmental

6.

Motivation and emotion

7.

Personality

Areas of Psychology

Relationship between Psychology and

other sciences

Careers for Psychologists

Psychology and Psychiatry

CONCLUSIONS
1. Can you define psychology?
2. Can you describe the main approaches /
theories in psychology?
3. Can you describe and differentiate various
fields in psychology?
4. Can you differentiate between psychology and
psychiatry?
5. What are the functions of psychological
knowledge in your field of studies?