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Protocol Efficiency and HDLC
Protocol Efficiency and HDLC
In this section:
Protocol efficiency:
Effective data rates
Utilization
Stop and wait flow control efficiency
ARQ flow control efficiency
The High-level data-link control (HDLC)
protocol
HDLC data frames
HDLC operation
1
Protocol Efficiency
Can be measured in various ways
One measure: effective data rate (EDR)
Parameters:
R: bit rate, in bits per second
S: signal speed in transmission medium, in metres per
second
D: distance to send, in metres
T: time to create one frame, in seconds
TF: frame, TA: acknowledgement
F: frame size, in bits
N: number of user data bits in a frame, in bits
A: number of bits in an acknowledgement, in bits
2
EDR
N
D
FA
2 TF TA
S
R
3
N
D
FA
2 TF TA
S
R
160b
200m
200b 40b
6
6
1
.
5
10
s
0
.
5
10
s
2 108 m / s
1.0 107 b / s
5.7 106 b / s
Note that this is about 57% of the bit rate
EDR
WN
F
D
2
TF
R
S
Utilization
Objective: obtain a measure of efficiency that is
independent of the transmission speed of the
medium.
Utilization: fraction of time (1.0 best case)
that transmitter can send bits, as opposed to
waiting for acknowledgements or flow control
Simplifying assumptions:
TF, TA are negligible
A is much smaller than F, so that F+A F
F
W
DR
D F
2
1
W 2
FS
S R
DR
Let a
FS
Frame a
Frame 2
Frame 1
Actual Utilization
Example: Error free sliding window protocol.
Send W frames, receive one acknowledgement.
Two cases:
Case 1: W 2a + 1
The acknowledgement for frame 1 reaches A
before the sending window is exhausted.
Frame 2a+1
Ack
Actual Utilization
Example: Error free sliding window protocol.
Send W frames, receive one acknowledgement.
Case 2: W < 2a + 1
A exhausts the window at time W, and
cannot send frames until time 2a+1.
A
Frame W
Wa+2
Wa+1
Ack
Frame W
Ack
a+2
10
Normalized Utilization
For error-free sliding window:
W 2a 1
W 2a 1
W
2a 1
11
1 P
2a 1
1 P
W 2a 1
Selective Reject: U W (1 P) W 2a 1
1 P
1 2aP
Go-back-N:
2a 1
W (1 P)
2a 11 P WP
W 2a 1
W 2a 1
12
13
15
HDLC Basics
Stations:
Primary: sends data, controls the link with
commands
Secondary: receives data, responds to control
messages
Combined: can issue both commands and
responses
Link configuration:
Unbalanced: one primary station, one or more
secondary stations
Balanced: two combined stations
16
HDLC Basics
Data transfer modes (not a complete set; these are most
common)
Normal response mode (NRM):
Used with unbalanced configuration
Primary initiates data transfer; secondary can only
reply
Asynchronous balanced mode (ABM):
Used with balanced configurations
Either side may send data at any time
Address modes
Regular: sequence numbers have 3 bits
Extended: sequence numbers have 7 bits
17
Address
Control
data
CRC
variable
1 or 2
variable
2 or 4
FS
ITU-T versions
of the CRC are used
18
address
F bit:
if 1, this is the final octet of the address
if 0, another address octet follows
If the link is strictly point-to-point, the value of the field
will be 10000000, as the address is not relevant
An address of 11111111 represents all stations
19
NS
bits 1
P/F
regular
mode
NR
NS
P/F
NS
extended
mode
21
1 1
1 0
P/F
NR
regular
mode
S field
RR: receive ready (bits: 00)
Positive acknowledgement, ready for I frame
Used when no reverse data; otherwise NR sent in an I-frame
RNR: receive not ready (bits 10)
Positive acknowledgement, not ready to receive
REJ: reject (bits 01)
Negative acknowledgement, go-back-N ARQ method
SREJ: selective reject (bits: 11)
Negative acknowledgement, selective reject ARQ method
22
1 1
1 0
0000 P/F
NR
extended
mode
23
1 1 M1 P/F
M2
RSET: resets send and receive sequence numbers (M1 = 11, M2=001)
HDLC operation
One of the messages SNRM, SABM, SABME, is
used to set up the link initially.
Sets the mode, and the length of sequence
numbers
UA is used as a positive acknowledgment for Uframes
After setting up the link, data transfer can occur.
The DISC message is used to terminate the
connection.
If a damaged U-frame is received, FRMR is sent as
a reply.
25
Connection
A
SABM
UA
DISC
UA
26
I,0,0
I,0,1
I,1,1
I,2,1
I,1,3
NR Sequence
numbers:
next message
expected
S,RR,2
Frame type
Message
NR
27
Go-Back-N ARQ
A
I,0,0
I,1,0
I,2,0
S,REJ,1
I,1,0
I,2,0
I,3,0
28
I,0,0
I,1,0
I,2,0
S,SREJ,1
I,1,0
I,3,0
29
Receiver Busy
A
I,3,0
S,RNR, 4
S,RR,0,P
S,RNR,4,F
S,RR,0,P
S,RR,4,F
I,4,0
30
Timeout
A
I,0,0
I,1,0
I,0,0
I,1,0
S,RR,2
31