Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Session I.4 Yamamoto
Session I.4 Yamamoto
Failure
Build-up of stress (strain energy)
Difficult to predict time and place
Breaks at weakest point
Hear precursors
Sound of breaking same as seismic wave
Sources of Tsunami
Sudden submarine topographic change
Crustal deformation by earthquake.
Submarine volcanic eruption.
Landslide near coastline or
submarine landslide.
Krakatau
Tsunami by Landslide
Landslide
Tsunami
The landslide was triggered by
an earthquake on May 21, 1792.
More than 15,000 people were
killed mainly by tsunami.
Tsunami by Earthquake
Occurrence
of
Earthquake
Detection
of
Seismic
Wave
(since 1999)
Short-period
seismograph
Strong motion
seismograph
Empirical method
a) Distance to epicenter
b) Magnitude of earthquake
Quantitative method
Simulation of tsunami
of
Source
Parameters
Evaluation
of
Tsunami
Mp
18
Issuance
of
Tsunami
Warning
66
66
<Contents of Tsunami Forecast>
1. Generation of Tsunami
1. Generation of Tsunami
2. Tsunami Grade
2. Tsunami Grade
3. Expected arrival time
3. Expected arrival time
4. Expected tsunami height
Types of faults
Normal
fault
Thrust (Reverse) fault
Strike-slip fault
Strike-Slip Faults
Left-lateral
Right-lateral
Seismogram
S phase
Determination
of Hypocenter
P phase
15.3mm
19:23:04.7
8
19:23:07.5
3
Maximum amplitude
Hypocenter (Distance)
Reading Maximum
Amplitude
2005/3/9
Determination
of magnitude
Haskell, 1964
Sumatra earthquake
sumatra
Ishii et al., 2005
Single-force earthquakes
volcanic eruptions and landslides
Charles Richter
1900-1985
log of amplitude
Distance correction
M = log A log A0
Richter, 1958
Magnitude Determination
Magnitude, Size of Earthquake
(Defined by Richter (1935) at first)
M=log10(Amplitude)+(Correction for Distance)
Amplitude0.1 M
Amplitude10 M
Amplitude100 M
regional S and
surface waves
0.1-1
Mj
regional S and
surface waves
5-10 s
mb
Ms
Mw
Moment magnitude
teleseismic P waves
teleseismic surface
waves
teleseismic surface
> 20
waves
teleseismic P waves 10-6
Mm
teleseismic surface
Mantle magnitude
> 20
7.0
1 sec P wave
mblg
6.7
1 sec Lg waves
Mwp
8.0 8.5
60 sec P waves
Ms
8.5 - 8.8
Mw
8.9 - 9.0
Mw
9.1 - 9.3
131 stations
6 stations
118 statio
Slip (S)
Seismic Moment = Rigidity)(Area)(Slip)
M 0 (t ) S u (t )
Mwp
Mwp
uz(t)dt
Mo
Ground
ce
pla
s
i
D
Length
ent
Length
(km)
0.03
0.4
0.08
1.4
0.25
0.8
14
2.5
40
140
25
450
M:+1Displacement3,
Length3
Magnitude +1
Fault Length Fault Width Displa
30 times
Magnitude +2
10 Fault Length 10 Fault Width 10 Displa
1000 times
Rupture Propagation
Duration of Rupture
= Fault LengthRupture Velocity
Magnitude 7
Duration = (50km)(3km/s)
=10and several (sec)
Magnitude 8
Duration = (100 150 ) 3km/s
=30 (sec) 1(min)
Earthquake on Dec. 26 2004
Rupture Velocity 2km/s
Duration > 10 min
Things to Remember
Tsunami Magnitude
Distant tsunami (> 1000 km)
Mt=log10H+C+9.1
C, Correction constant.
Local tsunami
Mt=log10H+log10+5.80
H, Tsunami height (m).
, Epicentral distance (km),
100 km 3,500 km.
(Abe, 1979, 1981)
(Used to express size of tsunami effect.)
Giuseppe Mercalli
(1850-1914)
John Milne
(1850-1913)
What is an Earthquake ?
The Source
Fault mechanisms
The Shaking
Wave propagation
Structures
Single
Couple
Double Couple
Controversy settled
by Maruyama (1963)
Double Couple
M pq (t ) q f p ( , t )dV ( )
V
9 components
Symmetric matrix so 6 independent
M 11 M 22 M 33
M 12 M 21 M 13 M 31 M 23 M 32 0
North
Double Couple
Fault - Slip
M 12 M 21
M 11 M 22 M 33 M 23 M 23 M 13 M 31 0
Mm
Mantle Magnitude
Source Correction
Mm = log10(X()) + Cd + Cs 3.9
Distance
Correction
Spectral Amplitude
Fault Areas of
Damaging Earthquakes
1995
Kobe
Mw 6.9
1944
1946
1995
Deaths
1944 Tonankai
Mw 8.1
1223
1330
6310
1946 Nankai
Mw 8.1
15 km
M4
M5
M6
1
0
5
0
M4
M5
M6
Kanamori, 1977
regional S and
surface waves
0.1-1
Mj
regional S and
surface waves
5-10 s
mb
Ms
Mw
Moment magnitude
teleseismic P waves
teleseismic surface
waves
teleseismic surface
> 20
waves
teleseismic P waves 10-
Mm
teleseismic surface
Mantle magnitude
> 20
regional S and
surface waves
0.1-1
Mj
regional S and
surface waves
5-10 s
mb
Ms
Mw
Moment magnitude
teleseismic P waves
teleseismic surface
waves
teleseismic surface
> 20
waves
teleseismic P waves 10-
Mm
teleseismic surface
Mantle magnitude
> 20