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放射治療的演變 -

放射生物、放射物理與治療儀器

季匡華教授
國立陽明大學醫學系
新光醫院腫瘤治療科主任
Radiotherapy: an overlooked
modality
• Radiotherapy is the most overlooked
cancer therapies.
• 100 cancer survivals, 50 principally from
surgery, 45 from radiotherapy and 5 from
others.
• Only 2% are spent on radiotherapy from
total national insurance budget.
放射治療常用之游離輻射
放射劑量單位 SI Units

1Gy = 100cGy, 傳統常用分次劑量為 1.8Gy 或 2G


y,
即 180cGy 或 200cGy
現代直線加速器可產生
高能 X- 射線 +/- 高能電子束
Percent Depth Dose
Absorbed dose at A
% DD = x 100 %
Absorbed dose at Dmax

Dependence on composition of the irradiated medium.


Dependence on field size and shape.
Dependence on energy and depth.
Dependence on distance. ( increase with distance)

DKHC
高能 X- 射線可治療較深層的腫瘤
高能電子束治療較表淺的腫瘤

Photon beam profile Electron beam profile


Immobilization Device
– Mask or Cast
DKHC
DKHC
Four-field techniques are typically used
in such sites as the abdomen or the
pelvis.

6MV 18MV
Variations in the dose gradient are achieved
by differential weighting of each pair of
beams
Beam’s eye view
Wedges &
Compensators
Skin sparing effect
Collimator

DKHC
Equipments In Radiation Oncology Department

Treatment Planning
2-D Planning System
3-D Planning System
Conformal Planning
Intensity Modulation Planning
Immobilization Device
Mask, Cast, Cradle, Invasive fixation frame
Total body noninvasive fixation device, Belly board

DKHC
• 傳統 2D 放療只能計算點及某些面 , 無法
看到全面的構造 .

• 3D 隨形放療能透過 CTscan 看到以及計算


全面的構造 . 但是照野內劑量仍是一視同任
的.
照野形狀 : 多葉式準直儀
Multi-leaf Collimator for Field Shaping

MLC 內建於机頭,每一葉片由獨立馬達軀動。照野
形狀輸入電腦即快速將葉片拉到需要的形狀。
每一角度皆有一畫素之組合,六個角度就組成一完整的 IMRT

gantry 15 gantry 70 gantry 180 gantry 220

gantry 270 gantry 320


Procedures of Radiotherapy
Immobilization
Simulation
Defined targets and risk organs
Treatment Planning
Verification
Treatment
影像重建可看到靶區與
重要器官的空間關係
DKHC
DKHC
DKHC
DKHC
4-R’s In Radiobiology

1. Reoxygenation.
2. Repopulation.
3. Repair.
4. Radistribution.

DKHC
DKHC
分次 治療 (Fractionation Scheme)
總量 , 分次量 , 照野大小 , 總治療

分次治療的原則 (1)
• 分次治療最重要的目的是拉開腫瘤組織與正常
組織放射耐受性間的差距
• 愈精細的機種,分次的次數就可以愈少 (5 次
~10 次之間 )
• 愈小的腫瘤,分的次數可以愈少。 ( 加馬刀不
適合治療 3 公分以上的腫瘤 , 因為只照一次 )
• 一般的放療每次約 200 雷德照射,依不同的
情況,一療程分 25~35 次之間完成
分次治療的原則 (2)
• 生物效應是單次計量越高 , 生物效應加成的
增加
• 例如 200 rad x 35 次約等於 250 rad x 25
次 , 300 rad x 19 次 , 400 rad x 13 次 , 500
rad x 8 次 , 2000 rad x 1 次
• 惡性瘤不應該單次治療 , 一般分五次以上才
合理 .( 因為供氧的關係 )
• 但治療超過 5 週 , 其實也有不利的邊照邊長
的壞處
Wonder drug
• Hypofractionation schedule through new e
quipments have got more positive results t
han conventional fraction schedule.
• Radiation is a wonder drug for cancers tha
t can be delivered to anywhere in the body
with high dose to target, moderate dose to
high risk and minimal dose to peripheral ar
ea by new equipments.
放射治療的定義、目的及一般通則
•定義 : 利用游離輻射線 (X- 射線、伽傌射線、高
能粒子束如電子及質子等 ) 照射腫瘤以殺
死癌細胞
•目的 : 局部控制 ( 治愈或緩解治療 ) 、減少復發及
轉移

•腫瘤區劑量愈高愈好、正常組織的劑量愈少愈好
•沒有照不死的癌細胞只怕劑量不夠 ( 往往受限於正
常組織的耐受劑量 )
•可配合化療或手術使用以增加局部控制
•器官保留治療方法之一
•放療也可治療一些良性疾病
放射治療的重要性
1. 與外科一樣,是屬於治癒性的治療手段。
化療、標靶基本上是非治癒性的。
2. 在許多的情況下,可取代外科手術,做器
官保留的治療。
3. 在許多的情況下,幫助降低外科的局部復
發率。
4. 癌症病人 60 %需要放射治療。
放療的適應症
–首先要決定治療的性質
–治愈性 (Curative intent):
• 第一線治療或器官保留治療 : eg: NPC, prostate cance
r, head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, anus
cancer, cervix cancer, bladder cancer

• 手術前照射以縮小腫瘤以便開刀
• pre-op: down staging
•手術後輔助性放療 ,增加局部控制。
•如手術邊沿不夠或有殘留癌細胞、淋巴管或血管浸潤,多顆局
部淋巴結轉移
放療的適應症
–緩解性 : 症狀控制、增加生活品質
•原則 : 「見好就收」

• Brain metastases, spinal cord compression,


• SVC syndrome
• tumor bleeding
• obstruction (airway, esophagus, intestinal,
bile duct, trachea, bronchus… etc
• cancer pain and bone pain.

•通常使用較大分次劑量,由 2.5Gy 至 5G
y 不等,總劑量由 20Gy 到 50Gy 上下
應該給多少劑量 ?

Depends on histolog
y,
Radiosensitivity, siz
e of tumor and treat
ment intent
Probability of Tumor Control
DKHC
Radiotherapy Unique in
1. Mathematically predictable.
2. Accurate medicine.
3. Surgically effective, but non-
invasive.
Modern Curative RT Requires
1. Target volume of high dose must
encompass the entire tumor.
2. Any microscopic extensions of disease
must be covered with low to intermediate
dose, but volume should be as small as
possible.
3. Image-guide.
Why failure of Radiotherapy
1. Inadequate delineation of target.
2. Inadequate dose.
3. Moving targets.
4. Intrinsic radioresistance.
5. Acquired radioresistance.
Radiotherapy moving out from radiology to o
ncology since 1970, but now, moving more b
ack to radiology.

Modern radiotherapy depends on more accu


rate radiology tools such as MRI, MRS, FD
G-PET, choline PET, acetate PET, PET for c
ell proliferation, hypoxia, angiogenesis, apop
tosis gene expression, etc.
Re-engaging Radiology and
Radiotherapy

Radiology

Molecular Oncology

Radiotherapy

Wilhelm Roentgen Francois Baclesse


The Advent of PET/CT in Radiation Therapy Planning

1. Imaging of lesions not apparent on CT or MRI, such as


unsuspected lymph node or distant metastases.
2. Prevention of futile irradiation of abnormalities that do
not contain tumor, such as at atelectasis.
3. Imaging of biologically diverse tumor sub-volumes coul
d potentially allow dose painting (different dose to differ
ent tumor regions)
4. Superior evaluation of tumor mass during or after che
motherapy.
5. Development of response adapted therapy in which ch
anges to target volumes could potentially be make duri
ng a treatment course.
Image Guided Stereotactic Radiotherapy

MVCT used to realign the internal target.

Hodge W, Mehta MP.ActaOncol. 2006;45:890-6


Improved Targeting: GBM
Distance from Edge Incidence
• Relapses are local of Initial Tumor (cm) (% of All
Recurrences)
• RT dose-response <1 60
relationship 1−2 19

• Ideal for RT dose- 2−3 18


>3 3
escalation Local progression at 10 months

Walker MD: IJROBP. 1979;5; Hochberg FH: Neurology. 1980;30; Wallner KE: IJROBP. 1989;16.
GBM Higher Dose Improved
Survival
RT +/- SRS RT +/- Brachy

100 Median 1.0 Median


n Survival Time nSurvival Time
80 RT 70 13.5 mo 0.8 RT 69 13.2 mo
SRS+RT 69 13.6 mo Brx+RT 71 13.8 mo

Survival Probability
Survival Rate (%)

60 P=0.64 0.6 P=0.49

40 0.4

20 0.2

0
0
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 0 20 40 60 80 100

Months Months to Death Since Surgery

SouhamiL, et al. IJROBP. 2004. LaperriereNJ, et al. IJROBP. 1998


Where’s Waldo? Amino-Acid
PET?

Malignant Glioma:
T1 Contrast-enhanced volume: 4 ml
MET-PET-defined volume: 72 ml
Courtesy: AncaGrosu, University of Freiburg, Germay
Equipments in Radiation Oncology Department
Treatment Machine
Linac
Cobalt machine
Gamma Knife
Brachytherapy
Low dose rate, high dose rate
Simulation Machine
Simulator
CT scanner
DKHC
高能治療機分類
壹. 以物理性質區分
光子 photon
電子 electron
質子 proton
重離子 heavy ion
貳. 以体內外給予方式區分
遠隔治療機 teletherapy
近接治療機 brachytherapy
近 20 年來放療最重要的進步

• 強度調控
• 影像導引
20 世紀放射治療的發展里程碑

•2005 – 螺旋刀
•2003 – 影像導引 MRT
•2001-See and Treat
•1998-IMRT 問世
•1997-Integrated System
•1996-3D- 治療計畫
•1994- 加馬刀、光子刀
•1992-MLC 多葉片準直儀
•1990-Digital Clinac
•1981-MRI 發明
•1972-CT 發明
•1971-First Microprocessor (CPU)
•1951- 鈷六十
•1928-dosimetry system
•1896-Cancer Treatment
•1895-Roentgen Discovered X-rays

1900 1925 1950 1975 2000


高能治療機分類
參. 依照野可變性原理區分
1. 以不可變固定圓形 ( 柱狀圓柱延伸管 ) 組合照野
加馬刀 Gammaknife
光子刀 X-ray knife
電腦刀 Cyber knife
2. 以可變小方形 ( 準直儀小葉片 ) 組合照野
強度調控放療 IMRT
螺旋刀 Tomotherapy
諾力刀 Novalis
肆. 依是否具備影像導引功能區分
透視 X 光機 : 電腦刀 Cyberknife
組合式半 CT scan 功能 (cone beam CT): 影像導
引直線加速器 IGRT
全 CT scan 功能 (MVCT): 螺旋刀 Tomotherapy
1. 強度調控治療的小方塊愈細,劑量的隨形度愈好。
( 一般 IMRT 由 1× 1 cm 到 0.5×0.5 cm , tomot
herapy 最細為 0.625×0.175 cm 。 )
2. 強度調控治療的入射角度愈多,劑量愈隨形、愈
集中。 ( 一般 5-9 個角度, tomotherapy 為 51
個角度。 )
3. 非強度調控的放射手術用 cone 來組合劑量,由
0.4 公分直徑 ~1.8 公分直徑不等。

Slide 56
Cyberknife Cone
Thank You!

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