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AOSS321 L08 020309 Centrifugal Gravity Coriolis Force
AOSS321 L08 020309 Centrifugal Gravity Coriolis Force
Eric Hetland
ehetland@umich.edu
734-615-3177
Circle Basics
Arc length s =
r
ds
d
=r
dt
dt
d
dt
ds
v
dt
r (radius)
... Magnitude
s = r
Centripetal acceleration:
towards the axis of rotation
r
r
r d r
dv
= v
dt
dt r
centripetal
r (radius)
centrifugal
r
v+ v
v
r
v
=
v
v
... Magnitude
r
r
r d r
dv
= v
dt
dt r
d
( )
dt
r
v = r
r
dv
2 r
= r
dt
Earth
2R
7.292 105 s1
Magnitude of R
Earth
Earths radius
latitude
y
R
z
x
x = west-east (longitude)
y = south-north (latitude)
z = local vertical
a: Earths radius
Earth
: latitude
z
R
x
a
-y
Reversed (negative)
y direction
a: Earths radius
Earth
: latitude
Earth
B: Vector of magnitude B
a
= latitude
Vertical component
z component = B cos()
R
Earth
a
= latitude
Meridional component
Earth
a
= latitude
-y component = -B sin()
2R
R
a
Earth
So there is a component
that is in the same
coordinate direction as
gravity (and local vertical).
And there is a component
pointing towards the equator
We are now explicitly
considering a coordinate
system tangent to the
Earths surface.
So there is a component
that is in the same
coordinate direction as
gravitational acceleration:
2R
~ a2cos2()
= latitude
Earth
F
a
r
*
= g0
2
m
(a + z) r
R
a (radius)
Earth
So we re-define
gravitational acceleration g*
as gravity g
F
m
F
m
? * a 2
?r
2
2
= ?g0
+ a cos ()?
2
? (a + z)
?r
r
= g
r
2R
R
g*
g: gravity
Earth
And there is a
component pointing
towards the equator.
The Earth has bulged to
compensate for the
equatorward component
(how much?)
Hence we dont have to
consider the horizontal
component explicitly.
Material
derivative of
the velocity
vector v
Pressure
gradient
force
Viscous
force
Gravity force =
gravitational force +
centrifugal force
r r*
r
2
g gk= g + R
with g = 9.81 m s-2
Apparent forces:
A physical approach
Consider a dynamics field experiment in which
one student takes a position on a merry-goround and another student takes a position
above the ground in an adjacent tree.
Merry-go-round is spinning, a ball is pushed
On the Merry-go-round: the ball is deflected
from its path. This is due to the Coriolis force.
http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)
/guides/mtr/fw/crls.rxml
Apparent forces:
Coriolis force
Observe the flying aircrafts
http://www.classzone
.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visuali
zations/es1904/es1904page01.
cfm?chapter_no=visualization
What happens?
http://www.physics.orst.edu/~mcintyre/coriolis/
Angular momentum
Like momentum, angular momentum is conserved in
the absence of torques (forces) which change the
angular momentum.
The absolute angular momentum per unit mass of
atmosphere is
L = (acos+ u)acos
This comes from considering the conservation of
momentum of a body in constant body rotation in the
polar coordinate system.
Coriolis
force & angular momentum: Check out Unit 6,
frames 25-32
http://www.atmos.washington.edu/2005Q1/101/CD/MAIN3.swf
Angular speed
(circle)
v = r
r (radius) v
Earth
a
= latitude
v = R
L = vR
R
a
= latitude
Earth
Earth
a
= latitude
L = vR
L = R
a
= latitude
Earth
L = R
L = a cos ()
2
Earth
a
= latitude
Lu uR
Earth
L R 2 uR
L a cos ( ) ua cos( )
2
R
a
Earth
R
a
Earth
R y
R
a
u
L R ( )
R
2
u u
( R R) (
)
R R
2
Earth
u
u u
2
R ( ) ( R R) (
)
R
R R
2
u
u R R
R
u
u y y
R
u
u y
y
a
u
y
u
y
2sin()
+
sin()
t
t acos()
t
?dy
du ?
u
= ?2sin() +
sin()?
dt ?
acos()
?dt
du
uv
= 2vsin() + tan()
dt
a
Total
derivative
Coriolis term
Metric term
du
uv
= 2vsin() + tan()
dt
a
Whats this? Curvature or metric term. It takes
into
account that y curves, it is defined on the
surface of the Earth. More later.
Remember this is ONLY FOR a NORTH-SOUTH
displacement.
R
a
Earth
Earth
R z
u
u u
2
R ( ) ( R R) (
)
R
R R
2
u
u R R
R
u
z u z
2cos
t
t a t
du
uw
= 2w cos()
dt
a
So far we got
(Conservation of angular momentum)
From N-S
displacement
From upward
displacement
du
uv
uw
= 2vsin() + tan() 2w cos()
dt
a
a
Total
derivative
Coriolis
Metric
Coriolis
Metric
term
term
term
term
R
a
Earth
R
a
Earth
u
L R ( )
R
2
centrifugal
= R
2
Fexcess
= ( +
) R R
2u
u
=
R+ 2 R
R
R
Coriolis term
Metric term
centrifugal
Fexcess
Earth
2u
u2
=
R+ 2 R
R
R
Earth
centrifugal
excess
(F
R
Earth
2u
acossin
) j =
acos
u2
2
acossin
2
a cos
u2
= 2usin tan
a
Meridional (N-S) component
centrifugal
excess
(F
R
Earth
2u
acoscos
) k =
acos
u2
+ 2
acoscos
2
a cos
u2
= 2ucos+
a
Vertical component
dv
u
2u sin( ) tan( )
dt
a
2
dw
u
2u cos( )
dt
a
du
uv
uw
= 2v sin() + tan() 2w cos()
dt
a
a
? vw ?
dv
u2
= 2usin() tan()? ?
? a ?
dt
a
2 ?
2 ?
dw
u
v
= 2ucos() + ?+ ?
dt
a ? a ?
2 additional metric
terms (due to more
rigorous derivation,
Holton 2.2, 2.3)
du
uv
= 2v sin() + tan()
dt
a
2
dv
u
= 2usin() tan()
dt
a
Define the Coriolis parameter f:
f 2sin()
du
= 2v sin = fv
dt Co
dv
= 2usin = fu
dt Co
Coriolis force
For synoptic scale (large-scale) motions:
du
= fv
dt Co
dv
= fu
dt Co
Vector notation:
r
r r
dv
= f ( k v)
dt Co
+ other forces
Material
derivative
of v
Pressure
gradient
force
Viscous
force
Gravity
Coriolis
force
forces
dv
Coriolis forces:
= 2usin()
dt Co
dw
= 2ucos()
dt Co