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Endocrine Regulation of Reproduction
Endocrine Regulation of Reproduction
Therapeutic Uses
By
Dr. Atef Abdel-Hai Khalil Selmi
Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & A.I.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig University
Third Ventricle
Pituitary Stalk
Optic chiasm
Pituitary
Gland
Medulla
Oblongata
Cerebellum
Pineal
Body
I - Hypothalamic hormones
Hypothalamus secretes neurohumoral substance called
neurohormones or releasing hormones that influence
pituitary synthesis and secretion of the corresponding
hormone such that:
1.Gonadotropin hormonereleasing hormone (GnRH)
affect synthesis and release of gonadotropin hormones
(FSH and LH) from anterior pituitary gland.
2.Thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone
(TSHRH) affect synthesis and release of Thyroid
stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary
gland.
Commercial Preparations :
Receptal (5 ml IM) and Fertagyl (2.5 ml IM) are the
preparations mostly available that can be used in
cows as a single IM injection to stimulate a surge like
release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary.
Therapeutic Uses:
1-Ovarian inactivity.
2-Delayed ovulation.
3-Cystic ovary (twice the dose).
4-Improve conception rate.
5-Synchronization of ovulation and resumption of
normal estrous cyclicity in postpartum cows.
6-Minimize incidence of cystic ovary in postpartum
cows.
2- Oxytocin Hormone
Chemistry:
It is a peptide neurohumoral substance synthesized
by neurons located in supraoptic nucleus of the
hypothalamus and transported axonally to be stored
in the posterior pituitary.
It is released from posterior pituitary to the
general circulation following appropriate nervous
stimuli (neural reflex) coming either from pelvic
plexus during parturition or from other sense (visual,
tactile, or auditory) during lactation.
Biological effect:
It stimulate smooth muscle contraction in both the
genital tract (must be primed by estrogen) and
mammary system (myoepithelial cells around milk
acini and lactiferous ducts). Therefore, oxytocin has a
definite functions in parturition, milk let-down,
ovulation, transportation of sperm and ova in genital
tract, and implicated in the control of luteal
regression.
Adrenalin block the contractile effect of oxytocin on
uterine muscle and myoepithelial cells in mammary
tissue. Therefore, widely exited females would develop
nervous inhibitory impulse during parturition and
would not likely to give a good milk let-down.
Commercial Preparations:
Oxytocin, Cyntocinon, hypophesin or posterior pituitary
extract are the preparations mostly available that can be
used as a single IM or IV injection (10-15 iu for small or
15-25 iu for large animal, respectively) to stimulate milk
let-down or to stimulate uterine contraction.
Therapeutic Uses:
1.Stimulates milk let-down.
2.Stimulates uterine contraction:
A.In parturient females during weak or abolished birth
pain to overcome uterine inertia, hasten placental drop,
and to hasten uterine involution.
B.In open pyometra to get- red uterine contents.
C.In uterine prolapse to reduce size of the prolapsed
uterus.
oxytocin
GnRH
Reproduced
from
Reproductive
endocrinology
Edited by Samuel S.C and Robert B. Jaffe
( W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia)
Molecular
weight
Carbohydrate
Sialic
acid
Half-life
LH
34000 - 28
24- 12
%
FSH
37000 - 32
% 25
%5
.hr 2
HCG
38000
32%
% 8.5
.hr 11
PMS (eCG)
68000
% 48
% 10.4
.hr 26
2% 1 .min 30>
Estradiol
(Pmol/ml)
Progesterone
(Pmol/ml)
Testosterone
(Pmol/ml)
40
280
100
150
70
860
120
190
Commercial preparations:
Anteron, Prolan A, Gestyl, and Folligon.
Biological preparations:
Anterior pituitary extract, Pregnant mare serum
gonadotropin
(PMS)
Or
equine
chorionic
gonadotropin
(eCG), and Menopausal urine
gonadotropin (MUG).
Therapeutic dose:
A.200 - 500 i.u. for Small animal.
B.500 -1500 i.u. for large animal.
NB: Over dosing causes super-ovulation.
Therapeutic uses:
1.It is used mainly to activates the ovary in
cases of ovarian inactivity or to induce
follicular growth either for super-ovulation
purposes or for out-of-seasone breeding.
2.Repeated injections are required owing to
short half-life, but repeated administration
has a refractory results due to antibodies
formation that neutralize the injected
hormone. Moreover, anaphylactic reaction
may be developed in treated cases.
Therapeutic uses:
1. Luteinization of follicular cysts (cystic ovary).
2. Induction of ovulation.
3. Delayed ovulation.
NB: Repeated administration has a refractory
results due to antibodies formation that neutralize
the injected hormone.
Biological effect:
It inducing mammary growth (mammogenic
action).
It initiates milk secretion after parturition
(lactogenic action).
It stimulates continuation of established milk
secretion (galactogenic action).
It has luteotropic action and increased number of
LH receptors on the ovary.
It maintain CL function with consequent cessation
of estrous cycle in high lactating cows.
It stimulate maternal behavior in nursing females.
1- Estrogen
It is generally accepted that follicular estrogen is
synthesized by collaboration of two cell layers (theca
interna cells and granulosa cells) through what is
called two cell theory.
LH stimulate theca interna cells to synthesize and
secrete androgens. Whereas, FSH stimulate the
granulosa cells to aromatize the diffused androgens
into estrogen with a cosequent rise in concentration of
estrogen in intrafollicular fluid.
Biological action:
1. Growth of sexual organs through its anabolic
effect.
2. Development of secondary sexual characters in
females.
3. Induce the clinical and behavioral signs of estrum.
4. induce proliferation of the duct system of the
udder.
5. Favors calcium deposition and closure of epiphysis
in long bones.
6. Prepare receptors on uterine muscle to oxytocin.
7. Favors deposition of glycogen in endometrial
glands.
8. Anabolic steroid.
Commercial preparations:
Diethyl stibesterol, Premarine, Cyren B,
Triphynyl etheline, Hexesterol, and Folone 1&5.
Therapeutic dose:
The preparations are oily and injected IM or SC
(Average dose is 30 mg).
A.Small animals Up to 20 mg.
B.Large animals Up to 50 mg.
Therapeutic uses:
1.To induce abortion in cases of unwanted pregnancy.
2.To open cervical canal to get red of uterine contents
during treatment of closed pyometra or mummified
fetus.
2-Progesterone
Biological action:
1.Play an important role in follicular maturation,
ovulation, fertilization, and implantation.
2.Necessary to maintain pregnancy.
3.Favors deposition of glycogen in endometrial glands
and stimulate uterine milk secretion
4.Proliferate the alveolar system of mammary gland.
5.Anabolic steroid .
6.Inhibit folliculogenesis.
Commercial preparations:
1.Methyl acetoxyprogesterone (MAP).
2.Chlormadinone acetate progesterone (CAP).
3.Medroxy progesterone acetate (MPA).
Therapeutic doses:
Small animals 10-20 mg.
Large animals 50 mg.
Therapeutic uses:
1.To prevent or control habitual abortion.
2.Synchronization of estrous.
3.To counter act the effect of estrogen in cows suffer
cystic ovary (nymphomania).
4.In cases of vaginal prolapse .
2 - Activin
It is a polypeptide hormon produced in the gonads,
pituitary gland, placenta, and other organs.
It has an action in the body opposite to that of
inhibin.
Levels of these two hormones tend to fluctuate in
both males and females in response to a number of
cues (include changes in hormone levels triggered by
natural biological processes, environmental pressure,
and other factors).
In the ovarian follicle, activin increases FSH
binding and FSH-induced aromatization.
It participates in androgen synthesis, enhancing LH
action in the ovary and testis.
3 - Bradykinin
It is a polypeptide hormone.
It is found in the follicular fluid of Graffian follicle
of bovine, rabbit and human.
It reaches the fallopian tube after ovulation and
help in trapping the ovum by infundibulum.
4 - Relaxin
It is a polypeptide in nature secreted from CL in
late pregnancy, and by the placenta and uterus.
It aids in the dilatation of the cervix and causes
relaxation of the pelvic ligaments, separation of the
symphysis pelvis thereby preparing the birth way for
the act of parturition.
Neurohumoral mechanism
2. Nervous mechanism:
An appropriate nervous impulse is necessary
to release the hormones such as nervous
impulse necessary to release oxytocin from
posterior pituitary gland following visual
or tactile or auditory stimulation during
milking. Vaginal stimulation in conditioned
ovulators (she camel and female rabbit) is
necessary to induce surge-like release of
LH to induce ovulation.
Nervous mechanism
Reproduced
from
Reproductive
endocrinology
Edited by Samuel S.C and Robert B. Jaffe
( W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia)
Capillary
Protein
Hormone
Hormone
Receptor
Adenylate
Cyclase
Enzyme
Released
from cell
ATP
cAMP + PP
Caffeine inhibits
enzyme and allows
prolonged activation
Cytoplasm
Estrogen Protein
synthesis Kinase
DNA
Protein
Steroid
enzymes
mRNA
Phosphodiesterase
Inactivates
by conversion
AMP 5
Nucleus
Granulosa
Cell
Capillary
Steroid
Progesterone
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Nucleus
Chromatin
mRNA
Receptor
Protein
Synthesis
Bilaminar Cell
Uterine
Glandular
Epithelial
Cell
Secretion into
uterine lumen
IV-Endometrial hormones
Prostaglandin
Biochemistry:
Arachidonic fatty acid is the precursor of all
Prostaglandin series ( A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H).
Biosynthesis of Prostaglandin (PG) is mediated by a
complex of microsomal enzymes (prostaglandin
synthetase enzymes).
These enzymes are demonstrated in a wide number of
organs, but the rate and type of prostaglandin
biosynthesis differ widely among organs.
Prostaglandin E (PGE) is the predominant product in
many tissues, but PGF is the product frequently
identified in the genital tract.
Commercial preparations:
Estrumate (2 ml IM), Lutalyse (5 ml IM), Illerine (2.5
ml IM), Prosolvine (2 ml IM), Equamate (2 ml IM for
mares).
Therapeutic uses:
1.Estrus synchronization (Three programs or
regimens):
A-Clinical examination, detection of CL, single dose,
breeding for responders.
B-Single dose, heat,
followed by another dose after 12 days from the first
injection for refractory cases.
C-Two successive
injection with 12 days intervals, then application of
two successive insemination.
2. Induction of parturition.
3. Induction of abortion.
4. Opening the cervix and get red uterine
contents in cases of closed pyometra,
endometritis,
and
mummified
or
macerated fetus.
5. Reduce length of estrous cycle, with a
consequent induction of recurrent estrous
during a short period.