Renewable Energy

Technologies

Renewable Energy Resources

Why Renewable
Energy
?
The world-wide economy is driven by huge amounts
of energy.

Most of the energy we use today comes from fossil

fuels.

International Energy Agency (IEA) expecting that in

the coming decades fossil fuels will account for 85%
of the energy need.

The main problem isnt that we use energy, but how

we produce and consume energy resources.

Renewable Energy Resources

Why Renewable
Energy
?
As long as we continue to cover our energy needs
primarily by combustion of fossil fuels or nuclear
reactions, we are going to have the problems, the
environmental impacts, social and sustainability
problems.

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Why Renewable
Impacts
of presently?
worlds energy policy
Energy
Disadvantages of depending on fossil fuels.

Will run out in the short-to-medium term.

Causes Global Warming.
Causes Global Dimming.
Causes Acidic Rain.
Results Rising Sea Levels
Cause of World Crises and Conflicts.

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Oil reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios

Reserves-to-production (R/P)
ratio
Years

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2008 by region

Natural gas reserves-to-production (R/P)

ratios
Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios
Years

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2008 by
region

Fossil fuel reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios

Fossil fuel reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios at end 2008
Years

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Global Warming (greenhouse Effect)

The average temperature of the earth's surface has risen

by 0.6oC in the past century.
Most of the warming over the last 50 years caused by
human activities.

It is expected to increase by another 1.4 to 5.8oC by the

year 2100.

Which is a rapid and spontaneous change.

Human activities have altered the chemical composition

of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse
gases.

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Global Warming (greenhouse Effect)

Greenhouse Gases

These heat-trapping gases are carbon dioxide, methane,

and nitrous oxide.

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution,

atmospheric concentrations of

Carbon dioxide have increased nearly 30%,

Methane have more than doubled,

Nitrous oxide have risen by about 15%.

These increases enhanced the heat-trapping

capability of the earths atmosphere.
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Global Warming (greenhouse Effect)

Greenhouse Gases (Carbon dioxide)

Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere when
solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal),
and wood and wood products are burned.

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CO2 Concentration Change

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Global Warming (greenhouse Effect)

Greenhouse Gases (Methane)

Methane is emitted during the production and transport

of coal, natural gas and oil.

Methane result also from the decomposition of organic

wastes in public solid waste landfills, agricultural
activities, wastewater treatment, breeding of farm
animals, stationary and mobile combustion, and certain
industrial process.

Methane remains in the atmosphere for almost 9-15

years.
Methanes Global Warming Potential (GWP) is over 20
times more effective than (CO2)

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Global warming potential

Global warming potential (GWP) is a measure of how
much a given mass of greenhouse gas is estimated
to contribute to global warming
The GWP depends on the absorption of infrared radiation by
a given species

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Global Worming (greenhouse Effect)

Greenhouse Gases (Nitrous oxide )

Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and

industrial activities, as well as during combustion of
solid waste and fossil fuels.

Nitrous oxide (GWP) is over 270 times more effective

in trapping heat in the atmosphere than (CO2).

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Renewable Energy Resources

Global temperature Change

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Global Warming (greenhouse Effect)

Impacts of Global Warming

Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea
level, and change rainfall and other local climate
conditions.
Changing regional climate could alter forests, crop
yields and water supplies.

It could also affect human health, animals, and many

types of ecosystems.

It is difficult to determine which parts of the world will

become wetter or drier.
There is an overall trend toward more intense
rainstorms, and drier soils.

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Renewable Energy Resources

Global Dimming

Global Dimming, describes the gradual reduction in the

total solar irradiance at the Earth's surface.

Global dimming creates a cooling effect.

The effect varies by location but worldwide it is of the

order of a 5% reduction over the three decades 19601990.

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Global Dimming

Dimming appears to be caused by air pollution.

Burning fossil fuels produces only invisible carbon

dioxide but also minute particles of soot, ash, sulphur
compounds and other pollutants.

This visible air pollution reflects sunlight back into

space.

They also make clouds more reflective for the Sun's

rays back into space.

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Global Dimming

Scientists are now worried that dimming, by shielding

the oceans from the full power of the Sun, may be
disturbing the pattern of the world's rainfall.

There are suggestions that dimming was behind the

droughts in sub-Saharan Africa which claimed
hundreds of thousands of lives in the 1970s and 80s.
There are disturbing hints the same thing may be
happening today in Asia.

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Global Dimming

Cause and effects

It is thought that global dimming was probably due to

the increased presence of aerosol particles in the
atmosphere caused by human action.

Aerosols and other particulates absorb solar energy

and reflect sunlight back into space.

It is known that the water droplets merge around tiny

particles called condensation nuclei

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Global Dimming

Cause and effects

More particulate pollution in the atmosphere, makes

even more condensation nuclei.

The result: Instead of fewer larger water droplets,

and many smaller water droplets.

Clouds with lots of very small particles lets less

sunlight pass through. The result is darker days

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Acid Rain

"Acid rain" is a broad term

A more precise term is acid deposition

Acid deposition may be wet and dry

Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog, and snow.

Effects of acid rain depend on.

How acidic the water is

The chemistry of the soils involved
Types of living things that depend on the water.

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Acid Rain

Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and

particles

About half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls

back to earth through dry deposition.

The wind blows these acidic particles and gases onto

buildings, cars, homes, and trees.

Dry deposited gases and particles washed from

trees and other surfaces by rainstorms.

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Acid Rain

The runoff water adds those acids to the acid rain,

making the combination more acidic than the falling
rain alone.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the

primary causes of acid rain.

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Acid Rain

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Rising sea levels.

From 3,000 years ago to the start of the 19th century

sea level was almost constant, rising at 0.1 to 0.2
mm/yr.
Since 1900 the level has risen at 1 to 2 mm/yr.
since 1993 satellite altimetry indicates a rate of rise of
3.1 0.7 mm/ yr.
Church and White (2006) found a sea-level rise from
January 1870 to December 2004 of 195 mm, a 20th
century rate of sea-level rise of 1.7 0.3 mm per yr
and a significant acceleration of sea-level rise of
0.013 0.006 mm per year per yr.

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Rising sea levels.

If this acceleration remains constant, then the 1990

to 2100 rise would range from 280 to 340 mm.
Sea-level rises can be a product of global warming
through two main processes: expansion of sea water
as the oceans warm, and melting of ice over land.
Global warming is predicted to cause significant
rises in sea level over the course of the twenty-first
century.

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Sea Level Rise

Global warming could raise sea level by expanding

ocean water, melting mountain glaciers, causing polar
ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt or slide
into the oceans.

Studies suggest that during the last century,

worldwide sea level has risen 10 to 25 cm

Most recent assessments estimate sea level rise

between 50 and 200 cm over a next period of 200-500
years

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Renewable Energy Resources

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Sea Level Rise, and Land Use

Impacts of sea level rise

Flood wetlands
coastal flooding

Alter tidal ranges in rivers and bays.

Change the locations where rivers deposit sediment

Increase the heights of waves

Decrease amount of light reaching the bottoms.

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Why Renewable
Energy ?
Disadvantages of nuclear Power.

Radioactive waste disposal.

Propagation of nuclear weapons.

Possible nuclear accidents.

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Why Renewable
Energy
? so much on energy, we
Because
our world depends
need to use sources of energy that will last forever .

These sources are called Renewable energy.

Moreover these renewable energy sources are much

more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels when
they are burned.

Development & Implementing renewable

energy technologies will reduce these awful
impacts
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Thank you

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