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Cramer's Rule
Cramer's Rule
Cramer's Rule
Introduction
Coefficient Matrices
e b
f d
x
det A
and
c f
y
det A
Key Points
So:
8 5
2 4
2
5
10 4
x
42
and
8 5
(32) (10) 42
2 4
8
and
2 10
y
42
2
5
10 4 8 (50)
42
x
1
42
42
42
2 10 80 4 84
y
2
42
42
42
Solution: (-1,2)
cx dy f
a b
D
c d
e
Dx
f
b
d
a
Dy
c
e
f
Dy
Dx
x
y
D
D
2 x 3 y 16
3x 5 y 14
2 3
D
(2)(5) (3)(3) 10 9 19
3 5
Dx
16 3
(16)(5) (3)(14) 80 42 38
14
5
2 16
Dy
(2)(14) (3)(16) 28 48 76
3 14
D y 76
Dx 38
x
2 y
4
D
19
D 19
b2
b3
b2
c2 a1
b3
c3
c2
a2
b1
c3
a3
c2
a2
c1
c3
a3
b2
b3
1 3 2
0 3
2 3
2 0
2 0 3 (1)
(3)
(2)
2 3
1 3
1 2
1 2 3
(1)(6) (3)(3) ( 2)(4)
6 9 8 23
a11
a
21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33
x1
x
2
x3
b1
b
2
b3
a11
a
A
21
a31
x1
x x2
x3
a13
a22 a23
a32 a33
and B
a12
b1
b
2
b3
If D 0,thenthesystemhasauniquesolution
asshownbelow(Cramer'sRule).
D3
D1
D2
x1 , x2
, x3
D
D
D
a13
b1
a23 D1 b2
a33
b3
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33
a11 b1
D2 a12 b2
a13 b3
a13
a11 a12 b1
a23 D3 a12 a22 b2
a33
a13 a32 b3
Example 1
Consider the following equations:
2 x1 4 x2 5 x3 36
3 x1 5 x2 7 x3 7
5 x1 3 x2 8 x3 31
A x B
where
2 4 5
A 3 5 7
5 3 8
Example 1
x1
x x2 and B
x3
36
31
D 3
7 336
36
5
3
7 672
8
D1 7
31
Example 1
2 36 5
D2 3 7
7 1008
5 31 8
2 4
D3 3 5
5
36
7 1344
31
D1 672
x1
2
D 336
D 1008
x2 2
3
D 336
D3 1344
x3
4
D
336
Cramers Rule - 3 x 3
a1 x b1 y c1z C1
a2 x b2 y c2 z C2
a3 x b3 y c3 z C3
Cramers Rule - 3 x 3
C1 b1 c1
C2 b2 c2
C3 b3 c3
x
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
a3
b3
c3
a1 C1 c1
a2 C2 c2
a 3 C 3 c3
y
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 C1
a2 b2 C2
a3 b3 C3
z
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
Example 1
3x - 2y + z = 9
x + 2y - 2z = -5
x + y - 4z = -2
1 5 2
2 1
x
3 2
1
4 23
1
1
23
2
1 2 4
69
y
3
3 2 1
23
1 2 2
1
Example 1
3 2
1 1 2
0
z
0
3 2 1
23
1 2 2
1
The solution is
(1, -3, 0)
Cramers Rule