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Mind Map
Mind Map
Mind Map
SULPHURIC
ACID
ACID
To remove metal
oxides from metal
surface
Manufacture
synthetic fibres
Manufacture paint
pigments
Manufacture
pesticides
Manufacture
fertiliser
Manufacture
detergents
As the electrolyte in
lead-acid
accumulators
Burning of fossil
fuels
Fossil fuels such as
petroleum.
It contain sulphur.
Sulphur dioxide is
produced when fossil
fuels are burned
Burning of
sulphur in
industrial area
Sulphur is a
poisonous and acidic
gas.
It causes coughing,
chest pains,
shortness of breath,
lung diseases and
bronchitis
Pollution of
Sulphur Dioxide
Effects of Acid
Rain
Sulphur dioxide gas dissolve in atmospheric water to produce sulphurous
acid, H2SO3 and sulphuric acid,H2SO4. These acids causes acid rain.
s
Acid rain
s
corrode
e
t
e
concr
and
building
metal
es
structur
e
crease th
in
in
ra
id
Ac
itable
soil, unsu
acidity of
oys the
and destr
th
w
ro
g
for
lants.
roots of p
Acid rain rea
cts with
minerals in th
e soil
to produce sa
lts
which are le
ashed
out of the to
p soil;
essential nu
trition for
plants growth
are
depleted (pla
nts die
of malnutritio
n and
diseases)
e
ase th
e
r
c
n
i
e
in
Acid ra f water in lak
o
acidity s, causes
er
and riv rganisms die
o
aquatic rbs the
tu
and dis m
e
t
ecosys
2
Stage
1
Stage
2
Stage
3
Stage 1
S(s) + O2(g)
SO2(g)
Stage 2
Stage
3
Production of sulphuric
acid
In the absorber, sulphur
trioxide is dissolve
in concentrated sulphuric acid to produce
oleum , H2S2O7 a viscous liquid.
Oleum is then diluted with equal volume of
water to produce concentrated H2SO4 (98%)
Sulphur
Dioxide, SO2
Sulphur
trioxide , SO3
Oleum
,
H2S2O7
Sulphuric
acid , H2SO4
AMMONIA
AMMONIA AND
AND ITS
ITS
SALT
SALT
Prevent coagulation of
latex
Detergen
ts
Synthetic
fertiliser
Nitric
acid
THE USES OF
AMMONIA IN
INDUSTRY
Synthetic
fabric
Cooling
agent
Explosive
(TNT)
Paint and
colouring
Ammoniu
m nitrate
2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
(NH4)2SO4(aq)
NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq)
NO3(aq)
Ure
a
NH4
2NH3(g) + CO2(g)
CO(NH2)2(s)+H2O(l)
Ostwald
process
Ammonia is oxidised to
nitrogen monoxide gas
in the presence of
platinum as catalyst
4NH3(g) +5O2(g)
6H2O(g)
4NO(g) +
2NO(g) + O2(g)
2NO2(g)
Stage 2
Stage 1
Nitrogen dioxide
is dissolve in
water to produce
nitric acid
2NO(g) + H2O(l)
HNO2(aq)
HNO3(aq) +
Stage 3
Very
soluble in
water
The
properties
of ammonia
Colourless and
pungent gas
Change red
litmus
paper blue
The
nitrogen
and
hydrogen
gases are
combined
The gases
pass through
the converter.
Iron is used
as a catalyst
Ammonium
fertilisers
The ammonium
stored as a liquid
under pressure. The
excess hydrogen and
nitrogen gases are
recycled to continue
the reaction
Alloys
Alloys
Ductile
Ductile is
the ability
to be
stretched
Good
conductors
The physical
properties of pure
metal
Malleable
Malleable is
the ability
of a metal
to be shape
High density
In solid state, the
atoms in pure metal
are orderly arrange
and closely packed,
causes pure metal
to have high density
To prevent
corrosion
Pure metal such
iron and tin are
easily corrode in
polluted , damp or
acidic air
Alloying can
prevent metals
from corrosion
due to the
formation of
oxide layer on the
surface of the
metal
Aim of
makin
g
alloys
To increase the
strength and
hardness
Adding the little carbon
to iron metal produces
steel which is very hard
alloy of iron
Adding magnesium to
aluminium metal
produces an alloy called
Magnalium
Adding tin copper metal
produces bronze. Bronze
is an alloy harder than
tin and copper
To improve
the
appearance
Pure metal can rust and tarnish
easily because of the formation of
metal oxides
Alloying can maintain the lustre on
the surface of metal
Hard-wearing
Attractive silver
colour and shiny
Cupro-nickel
Bronze
88% copper + 12% tin
Sonorous
Attractive
appearance
Easily shaped
Manganese
steel
(Hadfield steel)
85% iron +
13.8%
manganese +
1.2% carbon
Very hard
malleable
Hard
Strong
Withstand corrosion
better than carbon
steel
Brass
The
uses
of
alloys
Duralumin
95% aluminium + 3%
copper + 1% mangan
+ 1% manganese
Hard
Stainless steel
Steel
99.5% iron + 0.5%
carbon
Very hard
strong
Pewter
97% tin + 3%
antimony and
copper
Shiny and
attractive
appearance
Does not
corrode
Easily cast
Synthetic
Synthetic
polymers
polymers
Natural
polymers
Carbohydra
tes
Protei
n
Monomer
amino
acid
e.g. in muscles, skin, silk,
hairs, wool and furs
Monomer
glucose
e.g. in starch and
cellulose
Natural
rubber
Monomer
isoprene
(2-methylbuta-1,3diene
e.g.in latex
Synthetic fibres
Nylon (monomers : diamine
and dicarboxylic acid)
Terylene (monomers: diol
and dicarboxylic acid
Thermoplastic
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
(monomers: chlorothene)
Polythene (monomer :
ethene)
polystyrene (monomers:
phenylethene)
Polypropene (monomers :
propene)
Prespex (monomers : methyl
metacrylate)
Syntheti
c
polymer
Easily moulded or
shaped
and be coloured
Can be made to
have special
properties
Chea
p
Water pollution:
11
Biodegrada
ble
Recyc
le
Take part in
plastic recycling
activities by
sending
recyclable
products to
recycle centers
Buy recyclable or
biodegradable
products with
little packaging
Use
biodegradable
plastics which can
be decomposed
by
microorganisms
Replaceme
nt
Use others
materials to
replace plastic
products. For
example, use
paper bags instead
of plastic bags
Converti
on
Convert used
products made from
synthetic polymers
into something
useful. For example,
used tyres can be
converted into
playground
equipment.
Reuse
12
Glass
Glass and
and
ceramics
ceramics
Impermeable
to liquid
Transparent
Properties
of glass
Electrical
insulator
Hard but
brittle
Heart
Chemically
insulators
inert
Properties, composition and uses of different
types of glass
Name of
glass
Fuse glass(99%
SiO2 + 1% B2O3)
Properties
Example of
uses
Telescope mirrors
Laboratory glass
wares
Lenses
Optical fibres
Arc tubes in lamps
Soda-lime glass
(70%SiO2 +
15% Na2O +
10% CaO + 5%
others)
Low melting
point( 7000C)
Does not withstand heat
Cracks easily with sudden
temperature chances
Easy to mould and shape
Transparent to visible light
Good chemical durability
High thermal expansion
coefficient
Borosilicate
glass (80% glass
SiO2 + 15% B2O3
+ 3% Na2O +
1% Al2O3)
Laboratory
apparatus
Cooking utensils
Electrical tubes
Glass pipelines
Crystals
Bottles
Window panes
Flat glass
Light bubbles
Industrial and art
objects
13
Extremely hard
and strong but
brittle
Has a very high
melting point
Properties of
ceramics
Inert to chemicals
(withstand
corrosion)
Able to
withstand or
resists
compression
Good insulators
of electric and
heat
Glass - ceramic
Photochromic glass
14
Appreciating
Appreciating various
various synthetic
synthetic
industrial
industrial
Handling synthetic
material and their
Sources wastes
of materials are
limited so we should not
waste them and use them
carefully
We should minimise the use
of
non-biodegradable
synthetic materials or make
them biodegradable
A
responsible
and
systematic
method
of
handling
should
be
practiced
New
needslifeand
new
The importance of
doing research and
development
The understanding of the
interaction among materials enables new
materials to be developed
New materials is created to improve our daily life
15
Composite
Composite
material
material
Composite
materials
Reinforced
concrete
compone
nt
concrete
Properties
of
component
steel
Properties of
composite
Hard but
brittle
Low tensile
strength
Strong in
tensile
strength
Expensive
Can corrode
Superconductor
Copper
(II)oxide
Yttrium
oxide
Barium
oxide
glass
Transparent
Not sensitive
to light
Silver
chloride
or silver
bromide
Sensitive to
light
Glass with
low
refraction
index
Photochromic
glass
Fibre optics
Fibre glass
Insulators of
electricity
glass
Polyester
plastic
Transparent
Does not
reflect light
rays
Glass with
higher
refractive
index
High density
Strong but
brittle
Non-flexible
Light
Flexible
Uses of
composite
Stronger
Higher tensile
strength
Does not corrode
easily
Cheaper
Can be moulded
into any shape
Can withstand
very high apply
forces
Can support
very heavy loads
Conducts
electricity
without
resistance when
cooled by liquid
nitrogen
Reduce
refraction of
light
Control the
amount of light
passes through
it automatically
Has the ability to
change colour
and become
darker wen
exposed to
ultraviolet light
Low material
cost
Reflect light rays
and allow to
travel along the
fibre
Can transmit
electronic data
or signals, voice
and images in
the form of light
along the fine
glass tubes at
great speeds
Transmit data
using light
wave in
telecommuni
cation
High tensile
strength
Moulded and
shaped
Inert to
chemicals
Light strong
Car bodies
Helmets
Skies
Rackets16
furniture
Construction
of roads
Rocket
launching
pads
High-rise
buildings
Magnetically
levitated train
Transformers
Electric cable
amplifier
Information
display
panels
Light detector
device
Car
windshields
Optical lens