Shortwave and Microwave

Diathermy part(2)

Induction Electrodes
(Drum Electrode)

One Or More
Monopolar Coils
Rigidly Fixed In A
Housing Unit
May Use More
Than One Drum
Depending On
Area Treated
Penetration
Deeper Soft
Tissues

Toweling 2

Heating With Continuous

SWD
Patient Sensation Provides Basis For
Recommendations Of Continuous SWD
Dose I (Lowest) (<38 W) - No Sensation of Heat
Dose II (Low) (~80 W)- Mild Heating Sensation
Dose III (Medium) (80-300 W) - Moderate or
Pleasant Heating Sensation
Dose IV (Heavy) (>300 W) -Vigorous Heating
Within Pain Threshold

Pulsed SWD
Referred To By Different Names
Pulsed Electromagnetic Energy (PEME)
Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF)
Pulsed Electromagnetic Energy
Treatment (PEMET)

Pulsed SWD

PSWD Mean Power

Calculations
Pulse Period (Pulse on + off time) =
Peak Pulse Power (W) / Pulse Rep Freq
(Hz)

Percentage On Time =
Pulse Duration (msec) / Pulse Period
(msec)

Mean Power =
Peak Pulse Power (W) / Percentage on
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Time

Example

Peak Pulse Power = 800 W

Pulse Duration = .4 ms
Pulse Frequency = 200 Hz
Pulse Period = 800 W / 200 Hz = 4 ms
% on time = .4 / 4 = .10 or 10%
Mean Power = 10% of 800 = 80 W
End Result = thermal effect
< 38 W = no heating

Pulsed SWD
Interrupted Output Delivered In
Series Of High-Frequency Bursts (40400 usec)
Pulse Rate Selected With Pulse
Frequency Control (11000 Hz)
Off-Time Longer Than On-Time
Low Mean Power Output
Uses Drum Electrode
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Shortwave Diathermy
vs.Ultrasound

Pulsed

SWD Produces The Same Magnitude

And Depth Of Muscle Heating as 1MHz
Ultrasound (Draper, JAT 1997)
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Treatment Time
Most Typically SWD Treatments Last
For 20-30 Minutes
Remember As Skin Temperature
Rises Resistance Falls

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When Should Diathermy

Be Used?

If
If The
The Skin
Skin Or
Or Some
Some Underlying
Underlying Soft
Soft Tissue
Tissue

Is
Is Tender
Tender And
And Will
Will Not
Not Tolerate
Tolerate Pressure
Pressure

In
In Areas
Areas Where
Where Subcutaneous
Subcutaneous Fat
Fat Is
Is Thick
Thick
And
And Deep
Deep Heating
Heating Is
Is Required
Required

Induction
Induction method
method

When
When The
The Treatment
Treatment Goal
Goal Is
Is To
To Increase
Increase
Tissue
Tissue Temperatures
Temperatures Over
Over A
ALarge
Large Area
Area
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SWD Guidelines
Indications
Continuous and Pulsed

Precautions
Contraindications

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Spark gap radio frequency
generator

RFC1

C1

SG1
RFC2

C3
C2

Vacuum tube sine wave circuits

Cutting and coagulation

waves


Thyratron coagulation current generator

Diathermy
Semiconductor Circuits

Radiofrequency power amplifier semiconductor circuit

Electrosurgical Units (ESU) and

Cautery Machines
Function
Electrosurgery is the application of a highfrequency electric current to biological tissue as a
means to cut, coagulate, desiccate, or fulgurate
tissue.
Its benefits include the ability to make precise
cuts with limited blood loss in hospital operating
rooms or in outpatient procedures.
Cautery, or electrocautery, is the application of
heat to tissue to achieve coagulation. Although
both methods are sometimes referred to as
surgical diathermy .
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How it works

In electrosurgical procedures, the tissue is heated by an alternating

electric current being passed through it from a probe.
Electrocautery uses heat conduction from an electrically heated probe,
much like a soldering iron.
Electrosurgery is performed using an electrosurgical generator (also
referred to as power supply or waveform generator) and a hand piece
including one or several electrodes, sometimes referred to as an RF
Knife , or informally by surgeons as a "Bovie knife" after the inventor.
Bipolar electrosurgery has the outward and return current passing
through the handpiece, whereas monopolar electrosurgery returns the
current through a plate normally under the patient.
Electrosurgery is commonly used in dermatological, gynecological,
cardiac, plastic, ocular, spine, ENT, orthopedic, urological, neuro- and
general surgical procedures as well as certain dental procedures.
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Microwave Diathermy
Two FCC Assigned Frequencies-2456 MHz and 915
MHz
MWD Has Higher Frequency and Shorter Wavelength
Than SWD
Generates Strong Electrical Field and Relatively Little
Magnetic Field
Advantage: better focus wave on body, thereby more
local heating affects
Disadvantage: Depth Of Penetration Is Minimal In
Areas With Subcutaneous Fat > 1 cm

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Microwave Diathermy Unit

A= Power Switch

B=Timer
C=Output Meter (indicates relative output in watts

D= Power Output Level Knob

E= Amber Light-Warming up / Red Light- Ready

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MWD Applicators
(Electrodes)

Circular Shaped Applicators

4 or 6
Maximum Temperature At Periphery

Rectangular Shaped Applicators

4.5 x 5 or 5 x 21
Maximum Temperature At Center

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Microwave Applicator SetUp

Microwave Applicator Beams Energy
To Patient
Must Pay Attention To Cosine Law
In 915 MHz Units Applicators Placed 1
cm From Skin
2456 MHz Units Have Manufacturer
Recommended Distances and Power
Outputs (Uses Antenna)
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Best Treated areas for

Microwave

Tendons of foot, hand and wrist

AC and SC joints
Patellar tendon
Distal tendons of hamstrings
Achilles tendon
Other areas of low subcutaneous fat

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