Doordarshan

TRAINING REPORT
ON
TELEVISION
BROADCASTING SYSTEM
PERFORMED AT
DOORDARSHAN KENDRA CHANDIGARH

Submitted By:
MANJOT KAUR
Roll No:-SG 7526
ECE

Contents

Overview of Doordarshan.
Studio Centre.
Vision mixer and Syn-Pulse Generator.
Telivision Studio.
Studio floor, Production Control Room, Master Control room.
Vision Mixing and Chroma Mixing.
Satellite Communication.
TVRO System.
Process of Satellite Communication.
Polarization.
Exciter.
Power Supply.
AC Power Supply.
DC Power Supply.

OVERVIEW OF DOORDARSHAN

Established in year 1956.

Started some educational channel with the help of IGNOU
named Gyandarshan and DD Technology.
Started DD Loksabha,DD Rajyasabha and DD sports.
covering 90.4%of the Indian population through its LPTs,
and HPTs.
Doordarshan will soon reach 100% of population with a
DVD quality picture.

STUDIO CENTER

Originate programmes for live telecast or for recording on a

video tape.
Processing/distribution of different sources to various
destinations in technical areas.
Routing of mixed programme for recording/transmission.

Activities in a television studio can be divided into

three major areas such as :
1. Action area,
2. Production control room, and
3. Central apparatus room.

Vision Mixer (or Video Switcher)

The vision mixer is typically a 10 x 6 or 20 x 10 cross bar

switcher selecting anyone of the 10 or 20 input sources to 6
or 10 different output lines.
The input sources include: Camera 1, camera 2, camera 3,
VTR1, VTR2, Telecine 1, Telecine 2, Test signal etc.
The vision mixer provides for the following operational
facilities for editing of TV programs:(i) Take:Selection of any input source
or
Cut: switching clearly from one source to another.
(ii) DISSOLVE: another source of video. Fading out of one
source of video and fading in another source of
video.
To be continued

continued
(iii) SUPERPOSITION OF TWO SOURCES: Keyed caption
when selected inlay is superimposed on the background
picture.
(
SPECIAL EFFECTS: A choice of a number of wipe patterns.

Sync Pulse-Generator(SPG)
It provide the following outputs:
i.
Line drive
ii.
Field drive
iii.
Mixed blanking
iv.
Mixed sync
v.
colour subcarrier
vi.
A burst insertion pulse
vii.
PAL phase Indent pulses

Television Studio

A television studio is an installation in which television or video

productions take place, either for live television, for recording live
to tape,

Studio floor

The studio floor is the actual stage on which the actions that
will be recorded take place.
A studio floor has the following characteristics and
installations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Decoration and/or sets

Cameras on pedestals
Microphones
Lighting rigs and the associated controlling equipment.
Several video monitors for visual feedback.
A small public address system for communication.
A glass window between PCR and studio floor.
One or more camera operators.
A teleprompter operator.

Production control room

The production control room (also known as the 'gallery' or

Studio Control Room (SCR)) is the place in a television studio
in which the composition of the outgoing program takes place.

To be continued

continued

Facilities in a PCR include:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Video monitor wall.

Switcher.
Character generator.
Digital video effects and/or still frame devices.
Technical director's station, with waveform monitors.
Camera control units.

Master control room

This can include:
The actual circuitry and connection boxes of the vision mixer,
DVE and character generator devices
Camera control units
VTRs patch panels for reconfiguration of the wiring between
the various pieces of equipment.

VISION MIXING
Introduction

Vision mixing is a process of creating composite pictures from

various sources. Vision mixing involves basically three types of
switching or transitions between various sources. These are
mixing, wiping and keying.

Mixing
Two input sources are mixed in proportion in a summing
amplifier as decided by the position of control fader.

Wipe
Input sources is generated by the wipe pattern generator
(WPG), which can either be saw tooth or parabola at H, V or
both H & V rate.

To be continued

continued

Key
In the Key position between two sources i.e. foreground (FG) and
background (BG) the control derived from one of the source itself
(overlay), or by the third source (external key). The keyed portion
can be filled with the same or with matte orexternal source. Matte
means internally generated BG with choice of colors from the vision
mixer itself.
MIX

BG1

KEY

BG2
FG

Effects + Key with Mix / Wipe Between BG1 & BG2 on same FG

Chroma Keying
Introduction.
Basic Principle.

Types of Chroma Keying

R G B Keying.
Encoded Chroma keying.
B Y Key

Kind of Video Switchers

Composite
digital
Analog

Satellite Communication

Satellite Communication
Introduction
Two technologies responsible for Satellite communication are :
Rocket Technology
Microwave Technology
Advantages

Types of orbits

Elliptical orbits

Circular inclined orbits

Circular orbits with zero inclination (Equatorial orbits).

How selection of orbit is made ?

TVRO System
Up linking its national and regional services to INSAT-2A

(74oC) and INSAT-2B (93.5oE) and INSAT 2E (83o C).

Down link frequency bands being used are C-Band (3.7-4.2
GHz) and Ex-C Band (4.5-4.8 GHz)
A simple block diagram of a satellite earth station
uplink/down link chain is shown

6 GHz

audio
video

70 MHz modulator

6 Ghz Up
Convertor

HPA

4 GhHz

TransReciever
audio

video

70 MHz
Demodulator

Down
Convertor

LPA

6 GHz

Process of Satellite Communication

Three Phase
Transmission .
Communication Channel (Satellite Transponder).
Reciever.

Azimuth and Elevation

Azimuth and Elevation of a dish can be affected by three factors
for geo-stationary satellites. They are:
The longitude of the satellite.
The latitude of the place.
The longitude of the place.

Polarization
Definition.
Types of Polarization:
Linear Polarization
Vertical polarized
Horizontal polarized
Circular Polarization
Right circularly polarized
Left circularly polarized

EXCITER (500W UHF TV Tx-EXCITER)

GENARAL THEORY
One of the most important unit of the TV transmitter is its
exciter.It is used for modulating the video and audio signals to
the requiredstandards and specifications.
The salient features of the exciter are as follows:
State of art technology.
High reliability using dedicated ICs
All plug-in modules for ease of operation,maintenance.
Standard 19 rack mountable.
Hum suppression.
ICPM correction.
Wide differential phase correction.
Wide linearity and differential gain correction range.
Synthesized local oscillator using MSI chips.

Earth Station
Definition

Collection of equipment on the surface

of the earth for communicating with the
satellite on earth station regardless of
whether it is fixed, ground, mobile,
maritime or aeronautical terminal.

Main Components

Serial Digital Interface.

Embedded audio in SDI.
Asynchronous Serial Interface.
AES/EBU Audio.
Encoder.
Multiplexer.
Modulator.
Up Converter.
HPA.

Power Supply

Power Supply System

AC POWER SUPPLY
Electric power at 11 kV is received in the substation through
underground feeders from the power supply of the P/S authority.
Incoming power through metering system and H.T OCB is fed to the
step-down transformer where voltage is stepped down from 11 kV to
400 V, 3 phase 4-wire system.
Also called L.T supply.
Two L.T transformers are used
one with normal mode.
other with standby feeder.
Bus bar is used for distribution from secondary of the transformers
through switchgears

Load Distribution
Two types of Load Distribution are :

Essential load distribution.

Non Essential load distribution.

AVR
Automatic voltage regulator is a very vital part of the P/S
system.
Principle
State of art to control the fluctuation is with the help of servo
stabilizers. A servo stabilizer has four basic components :
Stepless toroidally wound autotransformer.
Instantaneous start-stop reversible sync motor.
Solid state sensing circuit.
Series transformer.

HRC Fuse
In low and medium voltage range H.R.C
(high rupturing capacity) fuse is the most
commonly used interrupting device.
Fuse has a disadvantage that it is
required to be replaced after each
operation.

Circuit Breakers
The devices used for making and
breaking an electrical circuit under
some pre-determined condition are
called circuit breakers.

3-phase AC Power
Actual power consumed in three

phase

W =3VI Cos ,

Power factor,
Cos = W/3 VI = kW/(3 kVA
Current required to be supplied by
P/S system is higher when power
factor is lower.
Disadvantages

More Losses.

High Cost .

Maintenance
Introduction.
Types of Maintenance :

Weekly Maintenance.
General cleaning of transformer, bus bar etc.

Check oil level and colour. Check oil leakage.

Annual Maintenance.
Carry out oil test.
Filter oil and change if necessary.
Paint the body of the transformer if necessary.

Precaution

While carrying out test and maintenance on the transformer, care

should be taken to isolate it completely from the supply so that the
accident may not occur.

DC POWER SUPPLY
Linear Power Supply System
Introduction
Merits
Very low output noise.
Very low ripple.
Demerits
Relatively narrow input voltage range. Normally + 10%.
Very low output hold up time about 1 milli sec.
Low efficiency about 40 to 50%.
Heat dissipation is more.

SMPS
Every electronic equipment and operating system need
regulatedpower supply specially at lower voltages. This
constant voltageswere earlier provided by the Linear regulated
power supplies and recently by switch mode power
supplies(SMPS).
Merits
Very wide input voltage range between 90 to 260 V AC.
Very good hold up time, typically 25-milli sec.
Efficiency is quite high 70 to 80%.
Demerits
Higher output noise.
Higher ripple content.
EMI/RFI generation.
Higher design complexity.

Thanks

QUERIES