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Reffregeration
Reffregeration
Reffregeration
1-1Application
Preservation of foods/slightly above Freezing
temp
Air conditioning
Beverage cooling & Humidity control
Industrial process-Nitrogen plant, BT200
Research
1-2First Law of thermodynamic
heat and mechanical energy are mutually
1-3Sensible Heat
Heat which causes a change in temperature
If heat is added and temperature rises as heat is
added
1-4Latent heat
Heat added to or removed from a substance during
a change of state, but no change in temperature
Latent heat of fusion
Latent heat of condensation
Latent heat of vaporization
Latent heat of sublimation
2-Refrigeration
systems and
classification
2-1Principles
As a liquid changes to a vapour, it absorbs large
quantity of heat the converse is true changing
from vapour to liquid.
The boiling point of a liquid can be changed by
changing the pressure exerted on the liquid. In
other words, the boiling point of a liquid can be
raised by increasing its pressure and it can be
lowered by reducing its pressure.
2-2Classification
Evaporation (Mechanical)
Absorption (gas)
Thermo-electric /peltier effect
2-3According to use
High-temperature system(25-45C) Air
conditioning
Medium-temperature system(25-0C) Food
storage
Low-temperature system(0 and below)
3-Components of
refrigeration system
3-1Compressor
Heart of vapour-compression system
Reduce evaporator pressure
Increase condenser pressure(causing rise in
temp)
Refrigerant circulation
Compressor types
Positive displacement
Reciprocating/ piston type
Rotary
Scroll
Screw
dynamic
Turbo/centrifugal field
Further classification
Open/shaft seal to protect Ref. leakage
Hermetic/welded
Semi- hermetic
3-3Evaporators
Bare tube evaporator/simplest
Plate- surface evaporator/easy to
manufacture
Finned evaporator/increased surface area
efficiently
3-4Condensers
Mounted at the back of cabinet/should not be
obstructed
Air cooled/natural or forced
Water cooled
Evaporative
3-5Accumulators
Safety device to prevent liquid refrigerant
from flowing in to the suction line and the
compressor.
If it flows in to the compressor it will cause
knocking and damage the compressor
3-6Liquid receives
Storage tank to reserve liquid Refrigerant.
Insures enough liquid refrigerant in liquid line
free of gas.
Mostly used in systems with the low side float
type or the expansion valve type.
PTC
Start winding gets current through PTC
When the device is cold it has low resistance
and current can flow.
The PTC heats up very quickly and its resistance
gets very high. The starting winding now
disconnected.
3-8-2Protection
Bimetal switch(Located at important place
in the Unit)
Excessive current draw
Excessive over-heating(compressor)
-poor air circulation
-poor refrigerant circulation
-low level refrigerant
-friction
3-9Refrigeration control
-operation control-temperature &
humidity
-Refrigerant control- rate of flow in
evaporator
3-9-1Operation control
1-pressure control
2-Temperature control(thermostat)
3-Thermostat
-sensing bulb(remote
bulb)
-Bimetals
-solid state(PTC or NTC)
2-Pressure control
As the temperature at the evaporator (low side)
warms, the pressure increase and hence the
below pressure. (Switch is closed)
As the temperature at the evaporator (low
side) low, the pressure decrease and hence
the below pressure. (Switch is open)
3-9-2Refrigerant control(throttling)
Rapid expansion of refrigerant
The Function is to control rate of flow from liquid
line to evaporator and to maintain pressure
difference.
Types of throttling valve
- hand expansion valve
-capillary tube
-Thermostatic expansion valve(TEV)
-Low pressure side float
-High pressure side float
-Thermal-electric expansion valve
-Automatic expansion valve
1-Capillary tubes
Small diameter tube connected directly b/n
condenser and evaporator.
Principle
restriction in fluid flow line
pressure goes down as the refrigerant moves
through
the tube until the liquid starts to evaporate.
sudden pressure and temperature drop at last
quarter.
Advantage
No moving part-no wear or stick/ simple design
Pressure balance when the unit stops
Minimum starting torque
Requirement
Non Toxic, Non poisonous
Non Explosive
Non corrosive
Non Flammable
Leaks easily detected, located
Operate under low pressure/low boiling point
stable gas
moving part in the fluid be easily lubricated
Pressure-Temperature curve
Refrigerant in state of equilibrium
Reading the pressure at any particular
Temperature
Example
R12 at 100F(38C) is 117psi(909kpa)
The temperature and pressure value for the
condensing are always higher than the equilibrium.
R-22
colourless, odourless liquid at-29C(bp) &
atmospheric pressure
non toxic, non irritating, non corosive, non
flammable
inert, thermally stable to above 427C
R-22
synthetic, stable, non toxic, noncorrosive, non
irritating, non flammable(-41C bp)
application is in fast freezing unit(-20 to -40C)
R-11
synthetic, stable, non flammable, non toxic
used as flushing agent for cleaning when
overhauling system
Group two
toxic, irritating to breath, somewhat flammable
R-717 Ammonia
R-40 Methyl chloride
R-764 Sulphur Dioxide
Ammonia
commonly used in industrial systems
colourless gas(bp=-33C) at atmospheric pressure
low bp makes it possible to have refrigeration without using
pressure in evaporator.
caution in operating amonia valve/couse instant loss of consciousness
and damage the eye(wwear mask)
R-717 attacks copper and bronze, does not corrode steel or iron
lighter than oil/ separation is easy
excess oil easily removed from evaporator by opening the valve bottom
Group three
may form combustible mixture when mixed with
air
R-600 Butane
R-170 Ethane
R-290 propane
Water as a refrigerant
the latent heat of water at 100C is
2260kj/kg(effective)
b/p=100C
Refrigerant applications
Low temperature -126C R-14
-99 C R-503
-82 C R-13
Medium Temperature-46 C R-502
-30 C R-12
High Temperature 4 C R-114
48 C R-113
28 C R-123
24 C R-11
Type of compressor centrifugal
Rotary
Reciprocating
Refrigeration oil
- circulate with the refrigerant/mixed
-Lubricate and cool compressor moving parts
-Direct contact with motor winding
-must withstand extreme temperatures/ high, low
-harmless to refrigerant and equipment
-fluidity of oil-refrigerant mixture determined by
Refrigerant used
temperature
properties of the oil
solubility of refrigerant
solubility of oil
4-2Halocarbon compounds
(chlorine, fluorine,bromine)
R-11 Trichluoro monofluro methane CClF
R-12 Dichloro difluoro methane
CClF
R-13 Monochloro trifluoro methane
CClF
R-22 Monochloro difluoro methane
CHClF
R-40 Methyl chloride
CHCl
R-113 Trichloro trifluro ethane
CClFCClF
R-114 Dichloro tetra fluro ethane
CClFCClF
4-3Inorganic refrigerants
R-717
R-718
R-729
R-740
R-764
Ammonia
Water
Air
Carbon dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
NH
HO
CO
SO
HClFC
HFC
4-4Environmental Impact
Sub-cooled liquid
saturated liquid line
Mixture
saturated vapour line
Superheated vapour
Cooling load
Refrigerating rate
4-6Coefficient of performance(COP)
The measure of efficiency of refrigeration
cycle
Heat absorbed from space
Heat supplied to compressor
C.O.P.=
Refrigerating effect
Heat of compression
parts
- course filter
- Felt pad
-De hydrating
material(desiccant)
Types of desiccants
Absorption/chemically react/for short
time use
Adsorption/chemically stick-silicon jell
-activated alumina
7-Pressure Gauge
8-Valve Manifolds
9-Charging Hose
10-Pocket thermometer
11-Welding Unit
12-Charging Cylinders
13-Fitting Brush
14- Flaring
6-Servicing of
Refrigeration