Chapter 7.

Entropy

BMM2513
THERMODYNAMICS 1
Prof Dr Hj Shahrani Bin Hj Anuar
Office A04-3-1-20

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1

Entropy
COURSE SYNOPSIS

This course focuses on the

application of thermodynamics
fundamentals in various
engineering system including
energy analyses, properties of
pure substances, first law,
second law and entropy.

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13. Entropy, isentropic efficiency

LECTURE SCHEDULE
WEE TOPIC
K

WEE TOPIC
K

Introduction and Basic

Concept

First law steady flow

system

System, boundary, work,

heat

Second law, heat engine,

PMM

Energy & general energy

analysis

10

Second law, heat pump

11

Energy and environment

impact

Second law, Carnot cycle

principle

12

Pure substances, gas

equations

Entropy, entropy
relationships

13

Entropy, isentropic
efficiency

14

Presentation

4
5
6

Property table and chart

First law in closed system

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1

Entropy
OBJECTIVES
Apply the second law of thermodynamics to
processes.
Define a new property called entropy to quantify the
second-law effects.
Establish the increase of entropy principle.
Calculate the entropy changes that take place during
processes for pure substances, incompressible
substances, and ideal gases.
Examine a special class of idealized processes, called
isentropic processes, and develop the property
relations for these processes.
Derive the reversible steady-flow work relations.
Develop the isentropic efficiencies for various steady-

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13 Entropy, isentropic efficiency
7.10 Reversible Steady-flow Work

Negligible
kinetic and
potential
energies are

Greater work
produced (or
consumed) by a
steady-flow
device for larger
specific volume

Reversible work
relations for
steady-flow and
closed systems.

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13 Entropy, isentropic efficiency
7.10 Reversible Steady-flow Work
Proof that Steady-Flow Devices Deliver the Most and
Consume the Least Work when the Process Is
Taking heat input and work output
Reversible
positive:

Actual
Reversible

Reversible turbine delivers

more work than an irreversible
one operating between same
end states.
Work-producing devices such as turbines deliver more
work, and
work-consuming devices such as pumps and compressors require less
work when they operate reversibly.
6

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13 Entropy, isentropic efficiency
7.11 Minimizing The Compressor Work
Multistage Compression with Intercooling

The gas is compressed in

stages and cooled between
each stage by passing it
through a heat exchanger
called an intercooler.
P-v and T-s diagrams for a twostage steady-flow compression
process.
To minimize compression work during twostage compression, the pressure ratio
across each stage of the compressor must
be the same.

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13 Entropy, isentropic efficiency
7.12 Isentropic Efficiencies Of Steady-flow
Devices
Isentropic process is ideal process for adiabatic devices with
no irreversibilities

wa

ws

Turbines Isentropic
Efficiency
h-s diagram for actual
and isentropic
processes of an
adiabatic turbine.

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13 Entropy, isentropic efficiency
7.12 Isentropic Efficiencies Of Steady-flow
Devices
Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps
Diagram h-s
of
actual and
isentropic
processes
of adiabatic
compressor
and pump

Minimize
compressor
work input by
cooling
Process
is not
isentropic since
device is not
adiabatic
Isothermal
Efficiency

Negligible KE/PE in pump

Negligible KE/PE in
compressor

Can you use isentropic efficiency for a non-adiabatic

compressor?

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13 Entropy, isentropic efficiency
7.12 Isentropic Efficiencies Of Steady-flow
Devices Isentropic Efficiency of Nozzles

Substance leaving actual

nozzle at a higher
temperature and lower
velocity due to friction

h-s diagram of the actual and

isentropic processes of adiabatic
nozzle.
In relatively small inlet velocity, the energy balance
Nozzle Isentropic Efficiency

10

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13 Entropy, isentropic efficiency
7.13 Entropy Balance
Increase of entropy principle for a
system

or

Entropy Change of a System, Ssystem

When the properties of the system are

Energy and entropy
not uniform
balances for a system

11

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13 Entropy, isentropic efficiency
7.13 Entropy Balance
Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout
1. Heat Transfer
Entropy transfer by heat transfer at constant
Temperature

Entropy transfer by work

No entropy
accompanies work
as it crosses the
system boundary
but may be
generated within
the system as
work is dissipated
into a less useful

Heat transfer is always

accompanied by entropy
transfer in the amount
of Q/T, where T is the
boundary temperature.
12

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13 Entropy, isentropic efficiency
7.13 Entropy Balance
Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout
2. Mass Flow
Entropy transfer by mass

When the properties of the mass

change during the process

Mass contains
entropy as well as
energy, and thus
mass flow into or
out of system is
always
accompanied by
energy and entropy
transfer.

13

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13 Entropy, isentropic efficiency
7.13 Entropy Balance
Entropy Generation, Sgen

Mechanisms of entropy

Entropy generation outside

system boundaries can be
accounted for by writing an
entropy balance on an
extended system that
includes the system and its

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13 Entropy, isentropic efficiency
7.13 Entropy Balance

Closed Systems
The entropy change of a closed system during a process is
equal to the sum of the net entropy transferred through the
system boundary by heat transfer and the entropy generated
within the system boundaries.

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13 Entropy, isentropic efficiency
7.13 Entropy Balance
Control Volumes

The entropy of a control

volume changes as a
result of mass flow and
heat transfer.

16

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Topic 13 Entropy, isentropic efficiency
7.13 Entropy Balance
Control Volumes

The entropy of a substance always increases

(or remains constant in the case of a reversible
process)
as it flows through a single-stream, adiabatic,
steady-flow device.

17

Chapter-7BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Chapter 7. Entropy

SUMMARY

Entropy
The increase of entropy principle
Entropy change of pure substances
Isentropic processes
Property diagrams involving entropy
What is entropy?
The T ds relations
Entropy change of liquids and solids
The entropy change of ideal gases
Reversible steady-flow work
Minimizing the compressor work
Isentropic efficiencies of steady-flow devices
Entropy balance
18

BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Chapter 7. Entropy
Example 11: Expansion of air in nozzle
Air is compressed from an initial state of 100 kPa and 17C to a final state of
600 kPa and 57C. Determine the entropy change of air during this
compression process by using average specific heats.

BMM2513 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Chapter 7. Entropy
Example 12: Expansion of air in nozzle
Air is compressed from an initial state of 100 kPa and 17C to a final state of
600 kPa and 57C. Determine the entropy change of air during compression
by using property values from the air table heats.