Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MPF1533 SEM II 2014/2015 Organizational Theory and Educational Administration Lecturer
MPF1533 SEM II 2014/2015 Organizational Theory and Educational Administration Lecturer
Basic Concepts
An organization or organization :
a formal group of people with one or more
shared goals
Theories
Used to understand phenomena
Use empirical data
Guided/based on research
Menambah / meluaskan maklumat
Mengesahkan sesuatu
Menyelesaikan sesuatu masalah /
Membuat sesuatu keputusan
Menyebar dan meningkatkan ilmu
Organizational theory:
Give explanation to things happening in
organization
Make prediction of forthcoming events
Guide leaders and managers actions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Inputs
7. Homeostasis
Transformation 8. Entropy
Outputs
9. Equifinality
Feedback
Boundaries
Environment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
(budaya)
Continue
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Structures in School
Structure:
Simply as the ways in which organizations
divides its labor into tasks and then achieves
coordination among them (Henry Mintzberg,
1979)
www.emeraldinsight.com
Strategic Apex
Middle Line
Technostructure
Support Staf
Operating Core
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Simple Structure
Machine Bureaucracy
Professional Bureaucracy
Divisionalized Form
Adhocracy
MBO
MBWA
ISO
MQA
etc
Division of Labor
Impersonal orientation
Hierarchy of Authority
Rules and regulation
Career orientation
Bureaucracy Characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hierarchy of Authority
Division of Labor
Impersonal
Orientation
Rules and Regulation
Career Orientation
Function
Compliance
Expertise
Rationality
Continuity and Uniformity
Incentive
http://www.gallup.com/poll/165791/a
mericans-prefer-male-boss.aspx
Direct supervision
Standardization of work
Standardization of output
Standardization of skills
Mutual adjustment (penyesuaian dua hala?)
500 (kereta)
400 (rumah)
200 (minyak
kereta)
600 (makan)
300 (emak/ayah)
200 (utk kahwin)
050 (Tabung Haji?)
100 (bil elektrik/air)
Should be:
2350 x 12= 28200
What is :
2200 X 12= 26400
Discrepancy:
RM1800.00 (needs)
M. Al-Muz-zammil Yasin
Pengurusan sekolah
Teaming
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reward Power
5.
Kuasa Individu
Kuasa Kedudukan
Kuasa Kebolehan
Kuasa Ganjaran
Coercive Power
Kuasa kekerasan
To sustain power
To maintain power
To enhance power.
To
To
To
To
To
resist authority
counter resistance to authority
build a power base
defeat opponents
change the organization
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. Absence of trust
2. Fear of conflictseeking artificial
harmony over constructive passionate
debate
3. Lack of commitment
4. Avoidance of accountability
5. Inattention to results
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5.
PoliticalTactic
Purpose
1.
Ingratiating
Gainfavorsbydoingfavors
2.
NetworkingInfluentials Gaininfluencethroughnetworking
3.
ManagingInformation
4.
ManagingImpressions Createapositiveimaginebyappearance
5.
CoalitionBuilding
6.
Scapegoating
7.
IncreasingIndispensability
Manipulateinformationtoyouradvantage
Bandtogetherwithotherstoachievegoals
Shifttheblametoothersforbadoutcomes
Makeyourselfindispensable(important)
PERISTIWA
Culture in Organization/School
(http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/klmno/linton_ral
ph.html)
Culture:
The values (nilai), beliefs (kepercayaan),
behavior (tingkahlaku) and material objects
(benda/objek) that constitute a peoples
way of life (Macionis, 1997)
Definition:
Shared orientations that hold the unit
together and give it a distinctive
identity (Hoy & Miskel, 1997)
Orientasi/kelakuan yang dikongsi yang
menyatukan ahlinya dan memberikan
mereka identiti yang unik.
Openness
Trust
Cooperation
Intimacy
Teamwork
Physiological needs
Safety and security needs
Belonging and Love Needs
Esteem needs
Self Actualization
For example,
If you really admire your friend's dad
because he is an army officer, it means you
hold him in high esteem.
if you lookdown to yourself because of
being obese, you have low self esteem.
Hygienes (Dissatisfaction)
Motivators (Satisfaction)
Interpersonal Relations
with subordinates
Achievements
Interpersonal relations
with peers
Work itself
(Challenging)
Supervisions (technical)
Responsibility
Policy and
administration
Advancement
Recognition
Working condition
Personal life
2. Instrumentality
Belief that good performance will be noticed and
rewarded
3. Valence:
Assessment of the attractiveness or value of the
rewards
Force of Motivation
1.
Challenging goals
2.
Structure
3.
Tangible Rewards
8.
Variety
4.
Helping People
9.
Interesting Work
5.
Affiliation
10.
Influence or control
6.
Working Conditions
11.
Autonomy
7.
Personal/Profession
al Growth
Lack of Resources
Communication
(Komunikasi)
Communication:
Sharing messages or ideas, or attitudes in ways
that produce a degree of understanding between
two or more people.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Conversation
Debate
Inquiry
Instruction
Communication
Media
Face to face
Telephone
Email
Written Personal
Written Formal
Numeric Formal
Communication
Richness
Highest
High
Moderate
Low
Lowest
Raised eyebrow
Tapping the fingers
Scratching head
Crossed arms etc.
Paralanguage:
Meaning=
Information +
Communicators + Media
+ Context
3.
1.
Sending skills
1.
Instruction:
Listening Skills
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Rationality
Bounded Rationality
Intuition
Planning
Organization strategy, goals etc
Organizing
Number of employees, job design, structure
Leading
Staf motivation, leadership style
Controlling
Performance, activities
Identify problem
Identifying Decision Criteria
Allocating weight to criteria
Development of Alternatives
Analysis of Alternatives
Selecting an alternative
Implementing the Alternative
Evaluating Decision efective ness
History biased
Pengalaman lampau
Overconfidence
Anchoring efects
Perception bias
Framing bias
Directive
Low tolerance for ambiguity, fast, short term
Analytic
High tolerance for ambiguity, more facts, more
alternatives
Conceptual
Long term, creative, philosophical
Behavioral
Consider others opinion, avoid conflict
Five
Leadership in Organization
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5
Pendahuluan:
Who are managers?
Siapakah Pengurus?
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6
What is management?
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Planning
Organizing
Directing
Controlling
Staffing
Management-by-objectives
Performance appraisal.
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0
Planning
Organizing
Leading
Controlling
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1
Planning:
Organizing
Leading
Controlling
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2
Capacity
Achievement
Responsibility
Participation
Status
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3
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4
What is leadership?
Leadership
is a process in
which leaders attempt to
influence followers and vice
versa to accomplish a desired
goal (Pisapia, 2006)
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6
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Leading
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0
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1
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2
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3
Management
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4
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5
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Leadership
Management
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Leadership
Management
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0
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Leadership
management
Creating an
Agenda
Establishes Direction
Developing a
network
Aligns people
Executing
Agenda
Outcomes
Produces Change
Produce a degree of
Predictability and Order
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8
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
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0
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Set example- be a
role model
Influencing
Create Vision
Bring change
Create leaders among
followers
Make tough decisions
Emotionally active
(decision making)
Program Implementation
Annual award program
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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2
Di bidang pembangunan,
Kami tetap bersama,
Membantu membina,
Negara yang tercinta,
Amanah yang diberi,
Kami tak pesiakan,
Apa yang kami janji,
Tunai, tetap kami tunaikan.
http://www.moe.edu.my/hariguru/lagu_guruM.htm
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3
Managing Change
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Managerial (stability)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Leading Change
Establish urgency
Create a coalition
Develop a vision &
strategy
Communicate the
vision
Empower broadbased action
Generate short-term
wins
Consolidate gains &
produce more
Anchor new
approaches
Managing Change
1. Do planning and
budgeting
2. Organizing and
staffing
3. Coordinating
activities to get the
job accomplished
4. Control and
problem solving
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Professor of
Leadership, Emeritus
Harvard University
Author of six bestselling business
books
SigEp Brother, MIT
68
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Establish urgency
Create a coalition
Develop a vision &
strategy
Communicate the vision
Empower broad-based
action
Generate short-term
wins
Consolidate gains &
produce more
Anchor new approaches
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Communicate constantly
Melaksanakan pendekatan-pendekatan
baru
Reinforce steps taken (menguatkuasakan
langkah yang diambil)
Articulate connections between new
behaviors and chapter success
(menghubungkan tingkahlaku baru
dengan kejayaan)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Leading Change
Establish urgency
Create a coalition
Develop a vision &
strategy
Communicate the
vision
Empower broad-based
action
Generate short-term
wins
Consolidate gains &
produce more
Anchor new approaches
Managing Change
1. Do planning and
budgeting
2. Organizing and
staffing
3. Coordinating
activities to get the
job accomplished
4. Control and
problem solving
Managerial (stability)
1. An
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. The
clarity of expectations
3. The origin of the idea or problem
4. The support of top management
5. The compatibility of the change with
organizational situation
M
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Keberkesanan: Efectiveness
Keberkesanan lebih melihat kepada
pencapaian kepada matlamat yang
disasarkan.
Ini bermakna bahawa pengurusan yang
berkesan ialah pengurusan yang berjaya
mencapai matalamat pengurusan yang
disasarkan (Begitu juga dengan kepimpinan
yang berkesan----matlamat kepimpinan)
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Deming :
quality has many different criteria
and that these criteria change
continually
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SKPM2
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Elemen
Elemen
Elemen
Elemen
Elemen
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
Struktur Organisasi
Perancangan
Iklim
Pengurusan dan pembangunan sumber
Pengurusan maklumat
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Strategically based
Customer focus
Obsession with quality
Scientific Approach
Long term Commitment
Employee Improvement and Empowerment
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Disclaimer: