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Infection Control For Every One
Infection Control For Every One
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
INFECTION
Definition: Injurious
contamination of body or
parts of the body by
bacteria, viruses, fungi,
protozoa and rickettsia or by
the toxin that they may
produce.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Hospital Infection
Hospital
infection is also
called
Nosocomial
infection.
It is the single
largest factor
that adversely
affects both the
Organization of an infection
control programme
As with all other functions of a health care facility,
the ultimate responsibility for prevention and control
of infection rests with the health administrator. The
hospital administrator/head of hospital should:
Establish an infection
control committee which will in turn appoint an
infection control team; and
provide adequate resources for effective
functioning of the infection control programme.
Sings of Infection
Once the infectious agent enters the
host it begins to proliferate and reacts
with the defence mechanisms of the
body producing infection symptoms and
signs: pain, swelling, redness, functional
disorders, rise in temperature and pulse
rate and leucocytosis.
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Respiratory Tract
Bloodstream
Urinary
Catheterization
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Bloodstream infection
Pneumonia (ventilatorassociated)
Surgical site infection
Sources of SSIs
Endogenous: patients skin or mucosal flora
Exogenous
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Sources of
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Types of Infections
Burke J Infection control-a problem for patient safety New Eng Journal
of Medicine (February 13, 2003)
JUST NO
Three Levels of
Infection Control
Sanitization
cleaning and
scrubbing
Disinfection second level used on
instruments and equipments that come in
instruments and
contact with intact mucous membrane
equipment to
remove
contaminated
materials
and
Sterilization complete destruction of all
microorganisms
microorganisms-pathogenic, beneficial, and
harmless- surface of instrument and
equipment
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Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Sanitization
Methods
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Standard Precautions
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Components:
A. Hand washing.
B. Barrier precautions.
C. Sharp disposal.
D. Handling of contaminated material
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Healthcare-Associated Urinary
Tract Infection
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
causes ~ 40% of hospitalacquired infections
Most infections due to urinary
catheters
25% of inpatients are catheterized
Leads to increased morbidity and
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ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
HYPERTHERMIA INTERVENTION
ELIMINATE UNDERLYING CAUSE
FEVER MANAGEMENT
HEALTH TEACHING
ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT
HEALTH CARE RESOURCES
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HAND WASHING
Proper hand washing is the
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HAND WASHING
Hand washing is the single most effective
precaution for prevention of infection
transmission between patients and staff.
Hand washing with plain soap is mechanical
removal of soil and transient bacteria (for 10- 15
sec.)
Hand antisepsis is removal & destroy of transient
flora using anti-microbial soap or alcohol based
hand rub (for 60 sec.)
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Our hands and fingers are our best friends but still
could be our enemies if they carry infective organisms
and transmit them to our bodies and to those whom
we care for.
Sinks & soap must be found in every
patient care room. Doctors, nurses must
comply to hand washing policy.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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Risk Reduction:
Antimicrobial
Pre-Operative Shower
Chlorhexidine
Gluconate Primary
choice
Iodophores
Hexachlorophene
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Barrier Precautions
Gloves:
Disposable gloves must be worn when:
a) Direct contact with B/BF is expected.
b) Examining a lacerated or non-intact skin
e.g wound dressing.
c) Examination of oropharynx, GIT, UIT
and dental procedures.
1.
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Barrier Precautions
Working directly with
contaminated instruments or
equipment.
e) HCW has skin cuts, lesions
and dermatitis
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Barrier Precautions
Masks & Protective eye wear:
MUST BE USED WHEN: engaged in
procedures likely to generate droplets
of B/BF or bone chips
During surgical operations to protect
wound from staff breathings,
Masks must be of good quality,
properly fixed on mouth and nasal
openings.
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Barrier Precautions
3) Gowns/ Aprons:
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If Exposed
Eye splashes require irrigation
with clean water, saline, or a
sterile irritant
Most importantly: Complete a
GBMC Employee Incident
Report. Report exposure to
charge nurse and Agency
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Sharp precautions
Needle stick and sharp injuries carry the
risk of blood born infection e.g AIDS,
HCV,HBV and others.
Sharp injuries must be reported and notified
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Aseptic technique
Sepsis - harmful infection by bacteria
Asepsis - prevention of sepsis
Minimise risk of introducing pathogenic
micro-organisms into susceptible sites
Prevent transfer of potential pathogens
from contaminated site to other sites,
patients or staff
Follow local policy of your hospital
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Isolation
Single room or group
Source or protective
Source - isolation of infected patient
mainly to prevent airborne transmission via
respiratory droplets
respiratory MRSA, pulmonary tuberculosis
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Waste disposal
Clinical waste - HIGH risk
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Environmental cleaning
Recent concern regarding poor hygiene in hospital
environments (NHSE, 1999)
Some pathogens survive for long periods in dust,
debris and dirt
Poor hygiene standards - hazardous to patients
and staff (May, 2000)
Report poor hygiene to Domestic Services (UKCC,
1992)
Hospitals should do the sick no harm
(Nightingale, 1854)
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Risk assessment
No risk of contact/splashing with blood/body
fluids - PPE not required
Low or moderate risk of contact/splashing - wear
gloves and plastic apron
High risk of contact/splashing - wear gloves,
plastic apron, gown, eye/face protection (Rcn,
1995)
Cerebrospinal fluid, peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid,
synovial fluid, amniotic fluid, semen, vaginal
secretions, and
Any other fluid containing
blood e.g., urine,
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MD
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Benchmarking Hospital
Acquired Infections
CDCs Hospital Infections Program
Submit monthly data on ICU infections
Benchmarking with similar hospitals
Networking opportunities
Annual reports
Start having a Infection Audit
Surveillance Data
Improves the Patient Safety
USES
Improve patient
outcomes by
modifying patient care
practices
reducing length of stay
Identify education
needs
Evaluate new products
Identify new
opportunities for
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