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Lec1-Introduction To Artificial Intelligence
Lec1-Introduction To Artificial Intelligence
Shahzad Rafiq
Dept. of Computer Science,
MAJU, Islamabad
03/20/10 1
Course Objectives
• Introduction to the basic principles, techniques,
and applications of Artificial Intelligence.
• Knowledge representation,
– logic, inferencing, problem solving, search algorithms,
game theory,
– perception, learning, planning, and agent design.
• Futuristic
– expert systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, robotics,
natural language processing, and computer vision.
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Major Contents
• Logic
– Propositional Calculus, Predicate Calculus
• Neural Networks
– Perceptrons, Back Propagation, Self Organization
• Fuzzy Logic
• Evolutionary Algorithms
– Genetic Algorithm
• Agent Based Approaches
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Reference Book
• Textbook: Russell S. and Norvig P.,
Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach,
2nd Ed, Prentice Hall 2003.
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Assessment Criteria
• Quizzes 10%
• Assignments & Project 30%
• Presentation 10%
• Mid Terms 30%
• End Term 20%
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Artificial Intelligence?
Lec-1
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What is Artificial Intelligence?
• What is AI?
• What is intelligence?
• What features/abilities do humans (animals?
animate objects?) have that you think are
indicative or characteristic of intelligence?
humans
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Human intelligence
• Shall AI imitate (copy) humans or not?
• Advantage
– Humans are easy acknowledged exemplar of
intelligence.
• The Turing Test:
– A human interrogator: Communicates with a hidden
subject that is either a computer system or a human.
If the human interrogator cannot reliably decide
whether on not the subject is a computer, the
computer is said to have passed the Turing test.
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An application of the Turing Test
See Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas Hopper, and John
Langford. CAPTCHA: Using Hard AI Problems for Security. In
Eurocrypt.
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Human intelligence
• Question: Is any System passing a turning
test is intelligent?
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Computer vs Brain (2003)
Computer Human Brain
Computational Units 1 CPU, 108 gates 1011 neurons
In general there are various reasons why trying to mimic humans might
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not be the best approach to AI.
Imitate Human Intelligence or not?
• Lack of Knowledge - brain performance of
higher level processes
• Little information- for scientific
understanding of these processes
– Neuroscience has been very influential in
some areas of AI e.g.
• robotic sensing, vision processing, etc.
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Rationality
• Alternative approach
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Computational Intelligence
• AI tries to understand and model intelligence as
a computational process.
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Alternate Definitions (Russell + Norvig)
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Agency
• Focus on acting rationally
– which has implications for thinking/reasoning
• Useful to think of intelligent systems as being agents,
either:
– with their own goals
– or that act on behalf of someone (a “user”)
Agent
perceives acts
Environment
acts
perceives
Environment
• Require more flexible interaction with the environment, the
ability to modify one’s goals, knowledge that be applied
flexibly to different situations.
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Degrees of Intelligence
• Dream: Building an intelligent system as capable
as humans (Humanoids)
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A U.S. Marine Corps technician
prepares to use a telerobot to detonate
ASIMO, a humanoid robot a buried improvised explosive device
manufactured by Honda near Camp Fallujah, Iraq
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Artificial Intelligence
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Applied Areas
Robotics
NLP
Search,
Expert Reasoning,
Systems Learning
Planning
Computer
Vision
o Disciplines
03/20/10 which form the core of AI- inner circle 24
o Fields which draw from these disciplines- outer circle.
Applied Areas
• Game Playing
– Deep Blue Chess program
beat world champion Gary
Kasparov
• Speech Recognition
– PEGASUS spoken language
interface to American Airlines'
EASY SABRE reservation
system, which allows users to
obtain flight information and
make reservations over the
telephone.
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Applied Areas
• Mathematical Theorem Proving
– Use of inference methods to prove new theorems.
• Natural Language Understanding
– AltaVista automated translation of web pages.
– Translation of Catepillar Truck manuals into 20
languages.
• (Note: One early system translated the English sentence "The
spirit is willing but the flesh is weak" into the Russian equivalent
of "The vodka is good but the meat is rotten.")
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Computer Vision
• Face recognition programs in use by banks,
government, etc.
• The ALVINN system autonomously drove a van
from Washington, D.C. to San Diego (all but 52 of
2,849 miles), averaging 63 mph day and night,
and in all weather conditions.
• Handwriting recognition, electronics and
manufacturing inspection, photo-interpretation,
baggage inspection, reverse engineering to
automatically construct a 3D geometric model.
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Expert Systems
• Application-specific systems that rely on
obtaining the knowledge of human experts in an
area and programming that knowledge into a
system.
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Scheduling and Planning
• Automatic scheduling for manufacturing.
• American Airlines rerouting contingency
planner.
• European space agency planning and
scheduling of spacecraft assembly,
integration and verification
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Intelligent Robotics
• Robot Toys
– Aibo, I-Cybie, LEGO etc
• Robot Security
– Cye robot
• Robot Home Help
– Lawn mower, Vacuum cleaner etc
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Future: Autonomic Computing:
Concept CHOP
The Vision of Autonomic Computing, Jeffrey O.Kephart, David M.Chess, IBM Thomas J.Watson
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Research, Retrieved on December 08, 2010,
http://www.research.ibm.com/autonomic/research/papers/AC_Vision_Computer_Jan_2003.pdf
AI Challenges
• Translating telephone
• Accident-avoiding car
• Home help robot
• Smart clothes
• Intelligent agents that monitor and manage
information by filtering, digesting, abstracting
• Tutors
• Self-organizing systems, e.g., that learn to
assemble something by observing a human do
it.
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Summary
• Objectives of AI:
– Studies the design of systems that
{think, act} like {humans, rationally}.
• AI successful applications:
– decision making, expert systems, natural language
understanding, image processing.
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