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Digital Integrated Circuits
Digital Integrated Circuits
Circuits
Jan M. Rabaey
AAnantha
Design
Perspective
Chandrakasan
Borivoje Nikolic
The Wire
July 30, 2002
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Digital
Wires1
The Wire
transmitters
schematics
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Digital
receivers
physical
Wires2
Wires3
Wire Models
All-inclusive model
Capacitance-only
Wires4
parasitics
reduce reliability
affect performance and power consumption
Classes
of parasitics
Capacitive
Resistive
Inductive
Wires5
Nature of Interconnect
No of nets
(Log Scale)
Local Interconnect
Global Interconnect
SGlobal = SDie
Source: Intel
SLocal = STechnology
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
Length (u)
Wires6
INTERCONNECT
Wires7
VDD
M2
Vin
Cg4
Cdb2
Cgd12
M4
Vout
M1
Cdb1
Cw
Vout2
Cg3
M3
Interconnect
Fanout
Simplified
Model
Vin
Vout
CL
Wires8
W
H
tdi
Dielectric
Substrate
di
cint
WL
t di
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Digital
SCwire
S
1
S SL SL
Wires9
Permittivity
10
Wires
Fringing Capacitance
(a)
H
W - H/2
(b)
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Digital
11
Wires
(from [Bakoglu89])
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Digital
12
Wires
Interwire Capacitance
fringing
parallel
13
Wires
(from [Bakoglu89])
14
Wires
15
Wires
INTERCONNECT
16
Wires
Wire Resistance
R= L
HW
Sheet Resistance
Ro
L
H
R1
R2
17
Wires
Interconnect Resistance
18
Wires
Technology Scaling
Use Better Interconnect Materials
reduce average wire-length
e.g. copper, silicides
More
Interconnect Layers
19
Wires
n+
n+
p
20
Wires
Sheet Resistance
21
Wires
Modern Interconnect
22
Wires
23
Wires
INTERCONNECT
24
Wires
Interconnect
Modeling
25
Wires
Driver
R d r iv e r
V in
Vout
C lu m p e d
26
Wires
27
Wires
28
Wires
Wire Model
Assume: Wire modeled by N equal-length segments
29
Wires
30
Wires
Step-response of RC wire as a
function of time and space
2.5
x= L/10
x = L/4
voltage (V)
1.5
x = L/2
x= L
0.5
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3
time (nsec)
3.5
4.5
31
Wires
RC-Models
32
Wires
Driving an RC-line
Rs
(r w,cw,L)
V o ut
V in
33
Wires
34
Wires