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Kimia Anorganik
Kimia Anorganik
8TH GROUP
Elements of Group 8
Iron ( Fe )
Ruthenium
(Ru)
Osmonium
(Os)
Hassium ( Hs
)
IRON (FE)
Introduction
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Atomic Number
26
Atomic Weight
55.845
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Density
Solid
Element Classification
Metal
Period Number
Group Number
Group Name
none
Uses
In addition to helping build the world around us, iron helps keep
plants and animals alive. Iron plays a role in the creation of
chlorophyll in plants and is an essential part of hemoglobin, the
substance that carries oxygen within red blood cells. Iron sulfate
(FeSO4) is used to treat the blood disease anemia.
Ordinary carbon steel is an alloy of iron with carbon (from 0.1% for
mild steel up to 2% for high carbon steels), with small amounts of
other elements. Alloy steels are carbon steels with other additives
such as nickel and chromium. Non-corroding stainless steel
contains high levels of chromium and nickel.
Dangerous
Iron (III)-O-arsenite, pentahydrate may be hazardous to the
environment; special attention should be given to plants,
air and water. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical
enter into the environment because it persists in the
environment.
Reaction
Iron does not clearly alter in pure water or in dry air, but
when both water and oxygen are present (moist air),
iron corrodes. Its silvery colour changes to a reddishbrown, because hydrated oxides are formed. Dissolved
electrolytes accelerate the reaction mechanism, which
is as follows:
4Fe + 3O2 + 6H2O
4FeO(OH) + 4 H2O
4Fe3+ + 12OH-
4Fe(OH)3 or
HASSIUM (HS)
Physical Properties
Atomic Number
108
Atomic Weight
270
Melting Point
Unknown
Boiling Point
Unknown
Density
Unknown
Solid
Element Classification
Metal
Period Number
Group Number
Group Name
non
Uses
Reaction
HsO4 + 2NaOH
Na2[HsO4(OH)]
RUTHENIUM
(RU)
Ruthenium, together
withrhodium,palladium,osmium,iridium,
andplatinumform a group of elements referred to as
the platinum group metals (PGM).
Ruthenium is a hard, white metal. It does not tarnish at
room temperatures, but oxidises in air at about 800C.
The metal is not attacked by hot or cold acids or aqua
regia, but when potassium chlorate is added to the
solution, it oxidises explosively. It dissolved in molten
alkalis.
Physical properties
Atomic number
44
Atomic mass
101.1 g.mol-1
2.2
Density
Melting point
2250 C
Boiling point
4150 C
Vanderwaals radius
0.135 nm
Isotopes
11
Electronic shell
[ Kr ] 4d75s1
722.4 kJ.mol-1
1620 kJ.mol-1
2747 kJ.mol-1
Standard Potential
0.45 V
Discovered by
Reactions
Reaction with air
Ru(s)+ O2(g)RuO2(s)
Applications
In electronics , it used to be used mainly for electrical contacts but
most now goes into chip resistors.
In the chemical industry it is used in the anodes for chlorine production
in electrochemical cells.
The metal is used as a hardener forpalladiumandplatinumand added
in small amounts improves the corrosion resistance oftitaniumin.
It is used in electrical contact alloys and filaments, in jewelry, in pen
nibs, and in instrument pivots. It is also used in alloys
withcobalt,molybdenum,nickel,tungsten, and other metals.
Color ceramics and glass.
instance in the removal of H2S from oil refineries and from other
industrial processes
production of ammonia from natural gas,
production of acetic acid from methanol.
absorb light throughout the visible spectrum and are being actively
researched in various, potential, solar energy technologies.
Ruthenium in Environment
Ruthenium is one of the rarest metals on Earth.
Ruthenium is found as the free metal, sometimes
associated withplatinum,osmiumandiridium, in North
and South America and in South Africa. There are few
minerals, such as laurite, ruarsite and ruthenarsenite.
All are rare and none acts as a commercial source of the
metal. Ruthenium is also associated withnickeland
deposits (from which it is recovered commercially).
World production is 12 tonnes per year and reserves are
hestimated to be ariund 5.000 tonnes.
Effects
Health effects of
ruthenium
Stain the skin very strongly. It
seems that ingested ruthenium
is retained strongly in bones.
Ruthenium oxide, RuO4, is highly
toxic and volatile, and to be
avoided.
Rhutenium 106 is one of the
radionuclides involved in
atmospheric testing of nuclear
weapons, which began in 1945,
with a US test, and ended in 1980
with a Chinese test. It is among
the long-lived radionuclides that
have produced and will continue
to produce increased cancers risk
for decades and centuries to
come.
Environmental effects
of ruthenium
OSMONIUM
(OS)
Introduction
Osmium discovered by Smithson Tennantin 1803.
The name is derived from the Greek word 'osme',
meaning smell.Osmium is a rare, lustrous, very hard,
brittle, bluish-white metal. It is the densest of all the
elements. Osmium is uneffected by water and acids,
but dissolves with molten alkalis. Osmium powder
reacts slowly with the oxygen of the air and gives off
detacteble amounts of osmium tetroxide vapour.
Physical properties
Reactions
Reaction of osmium with air
in air, finely divided osmium metal gives off a characteristic
smell of OsO4- bad news given that OsO 4is highly toxic.
Os(s) + 2O2(g) OsO4(s)
THE END