EE 542

Antennas & Propagation for

Wireless Communications
Topic 3 - Basic EM Theory and
Plane Waves

Outline

EM Theory Concepts

Maxwells Equations

Notation

Differential Form

Integral Form

Phasor Form

Wave Equation and Solution (lossless,

unbounded, homogeneous medium)

Derivation of Wave Equation

Solution to the Wave Equation Separation of Variables

Plane waves

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EM Theory Concept
The fundamental concept of em theory is that
a current at a point in space is capable of
inducing potential and hence currents at
another point far away.
E, H

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Introduction to EM Theory
The existence of propagating em waves
can be predicted as a direct consequence
of Maxwells equations.
These equations satisfy the relationship
between the vector electric field, E and
vector magnetic field, H in time and
space in a given medium.
Both E and H are vector functions of
space and time; i.e. E (x,y,z;t), H (x,y,z;t.)
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What is an Electromagnetic Field?

The electric and magnetic fields were originally
introduced by means of the force equation.
In Coulombs experiments forces acting between
localized charges were observed.
There, it is found useful to introduce E as the
force per unit charge.
Similarly, in Amperes experiments the mutual
forces of current carrying loops were studied.
B is defined as force per unit current.
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Why not use just force?

Although E and B appear as convenient replacements
for forces produced by distributions of charge and
current, they have other important aspects.
First, their introduction decouples conceptually the
sources from the test bodies experiencing em forces.
If the fields E and B from two source distributions are the
same at a given point in space, the force acting on a test
charge will be the same regardless of how different the
sources are.
This gives E and B meaning in their own right.
Also, em fields can exist in regions of space where there
are no sources.
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Maxwells Equations
Maxwell's equations give expressions for electric and
magnetic fields everywhere in space provided that all
charge and current sources are defined.
They represent one of the most elegant and concise
ways to state the fundamentals of electricity and
magnetism.
These set of equations describe the relationship
between the electric and magnetic fields and sources
in the medium.
Because of their concise statement, they embody a
high level of mathematical sophistication.
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Notation:
(Time and Position Dependent Field Vectors)
E (x,y,z;t)

Electric field intensity (Volts/m)

H (x,y,z;t)

Magnetic field intensity (Amperes/m)

D (x,y,z;t)

Electric flux density (Coulombs/m2)

B (x,y,z;t)

Magnetic flux density (Webers/m2, Tesla)

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Notation: Sources and Medium

J (x,y,z;t)

Electric current density (Amperes/m2)

Jd (x,y,z;t)

Displacement current density (Amperes/m2)

Electric charge density (Coulombs/m3)

Permittivity of the medium (Farad/m)

Relative permittivity (with respect to free space o)

Permeability of the medium (Henry/m)

Relative permittivity (with respect to free space o)

Conductivity of the medium (Siemens/m)

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Maxwells Equations
Physical Laws
Faradays Law Changes in magnetic field
induce voltage.
Amperes Law Allows us to write all the
possible ways that electric currents can make
magnetic field. Magnetic field in space around
an electric current is proportional to the current
source.
Gauss Law for Electricity The electric flux
out of any closed surface is proportional to the
total charge enclosed within the surface.
Gauss Law for Magnetism The net magnetic
flux out of any closed surface is zero.
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Differential Form of Maxwells

Equations

Faradays Law:

r
r
B
E =t

Amperes Law:

r
r D
r
H = J
;
t
Gauss Law:

(1)

r
r D
Jd @ ;
t

r
D = v
r
B = 0

r r r
J =Js Jc

(2)

(3)
(4)
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Constitutive Relations
Constitutive relations provide information
about the environment in which
electromagnetic fields occur; e.g. free
space, water, etc.
permittivity

10
o
36
o 4 10 7

r
r
D =E
r
r
B = H

(5)
permeability

(6)

Free space values.

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Time Harmonic Representation Phasor Form

r
In a source
free ( J s 0 ) and lossless
r

( 0 J 0 ) medium characterized by
permeability and permittivity , Maxwells
equations can be writtenras:
c

r
H
E = -
t
r
r
E
H =
;
t
r
D = 0
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Examples of del Operations

The following examples will show how to
take divergence and curl of vector
functions

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Example 1
Let
Find:

r
sin x; sin(x ) sin(2y )
Ay

r
r
a) the curl of A A
r
r
b) the divergence of A gA

c) the gradient of

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Solution 1
r

y
sin x
A
x
y
z
y
z
x
cos x
z
r

g y
sin x 0
gA
x
y
z
y
z
x
sin( x )sin(2y )
sin( x)sin(2y )
sin( x)sin(2y )

x
y
z
x
y
z

cos( x )sin(2y ) y
2 sin( x)cos(2y )
x
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Example 2
Calculate the magnetic field for the electric field
given below. Is this electric field realizable?

r
cos( wt o )
E(x, y , z; t ) x 5 xy yz

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Solution

r
r
H
E = -
t
cos( wt o )
x 5 xy yz

cos( wt o )
x y z x 5 xy yz
y
z
x

5 xy
z
cos( wt o ){
x x x y K
x
x
5 xy
z
y x y y K
y
y
5 xy
z
z x z y }
z
y

r
H
5 x cos( wt o ) z = -
t

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Solution continued
r
H 5
x cos( wt o ) z
t

r 5x
H = z cos( wt o )

5x

z sin( wt o )
w
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Solution continued
To be realizable, the fields must satisfy Maxwells equations!

r
r ? E
H =
t

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Solution Continued
r
5x

H =
zsin( wt o )
w

y sin( wt o )
w
r
cos( wt o )
x 5 xy yz
E

t
t

w sin( wt o ) x 5 xy yz
5

y sin( wt o ) w sin( wt o ) x 5 xy yz
w
These fields are NOT realizable. They do not form em fields.

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Time Harmonic Fields

We will now assume time harmonic fields; i.e.
fields at a single frequency.
We will assume that all field vectors vary
sinusoidally with time, at an angular frequency
w; i.e.

r
E(x, y, z; t ) e Eo ( x, y, z )cos( wt o )

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Time Harmonics and Phasor

Notation
Using Eulers identity

j (wt )

cos(wt ) j sin(wt )

The time harmonic fields can be written as

r
j wt

E(x, y, z; t ) Re e Eo ( x, y, z )e
o

jwt

Re e Eo ( x, y, z )e e
jo

Phasor notation
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Phasor Form
r
E ( x, y, z; t ) Re
r
H ( x, y, z; t ) Re

r
E ( x, y, z )e jwt
r
jwt
H ( x, y , z ) e

where
r
j
E ( x, y, z ) @e Eo ( x, y , z )e
r
j

H ( x, y, z ) @h H ( x, y , z )e
o

Information on
amplitude,
direction and
phase

Note that the E and H vectors are now complex and are known as phasors 24
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Time Harmonic Fields in Maxwells

Equations

With the phasor notation, the time derivative in

Maxwells equations becomes a factor of jw:

jw
t

r
r
jwt
E ( x, y, z; t ) Re E ( x, y, z )e
r
E ( x, y, z; t )
r
jwt
Re
E ( x, y , z ) e
t
t
r
jwt
Re jwE ( x, y, z )e

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Maxwells Equations in Phasor

Form (1)

r
r
E
H =
t
r
r
E ( x, y, z; t ) Re E ( x, y, z )e jwt
r
r
H ( x, y, z; t ) Re H ( x, y, z )e jwt
r
r
jwt
H = Re H ( x, y, z ) e
r
r
jwt

Re
E
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
e
r
E

Re jwE ( x, y, z ) e jwt
t
t

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Maxwells Equations in Phasor

Form (2)

r
r
E
H =
t
r
r
jwt
H = Re H ( x, y, z ) e
r
r
jwt

Re
E
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
e
r

E
jwt

Re jwE ( x, y, z ) e
t
t
r
r
jwt
Re H ( x, y, z ) e Re jwE ( x, y, z ) e jwt
r
r
H ( x, y, z ) jw E ( x, y, z )

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Phasor Form of Maxwells

Equations (3)
Maxwells equations can thus be written in phasor
form as:
r
r
r
r
H
E = -

E
=
jw

H
t
r
r
r
r
H = jw E
E
H =
;
r
t
D = 0
r
D = 0
r
r
B = 0
B = 0
Phasor form is dependent on position only. Time dependence is removed.
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Examples on Phasor Form

Determine the phasor form of the following
sinusoidal functions:
a)
b)
c)
d)

f(x,t)=(5x+3) cos(wt + 30)

g(x,z,t) = (3x+z) sin(wt)
h(y,z,t) = (2y+5)4z sin(wt + 45)
V(t) = 0.5 cos(kz-wt)

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Solutions
a)

f ( x, t ) Re F ( x )e jwt

5x 3 cos(wt 30)

5x 3 Re e

j wt 30

Re 5x 3 e e
j 30

jwt

F (x ) 5x 3 e j 30 5x 3 cos 30 j sin30
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Solutions
b)

g(x, z, t ) (3x z ) sin(wt )

(3x z ) cos(wt 90)

(3x z )Re e

Re (3x z )e
Re (3x z )e
G(x, z ) (3x z )e

j 90

j wt 90

j wt 90
j 90

jwt

j(3x z )
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Solution
c)

h(y , z, t ) (2y 5)4 z sin(wt 45)

(2y 5)4 z cos(wt 45 90)
(2y 5)4 z cos(wt 45)
(2y 5)4 z Re e j (wt 45)

Re (2y 5)4 ze j 45e j (wt )

H(y , z ) (2y 5)4 ze j 45

(2y 5)4 z cos 45 j sin 45

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Solution
d)

v(t ) 0.5 cos(kz wt )

0.5Re e

V 0.5e

jkz jwt

Re 0.5e e
jkz

jwt

jkz

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Example
Find the phasor notation of the following
vector:
r
C (t )
E(t )
t
where
r
8 cos wt sin wt

E(t ) 3 cos(wt ) 4 sin(wt ) x

z

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Solution

r
E
L
C (t )
3w sin wt 4w cos wt x
t

8 w sin(wt ) w cos wt z
Using
sin wt Re je jwt
cos wt Re e jwt

L
C (t ) Re 3w je jwt 4w e jwt x

Re 8w je jwt 8w e jwt z

8wj 8w z

C 3wj 4w x
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Example
Show that the following electric field
satisfies Maxwells equations.

r
jkz
oe
E xE

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r
oe jkz
E xE

Solution

r 1
r
w jkz
k
o e jkz yE
o
B
E yE
e
jw
w
w
o e jkz
yE
r 1 r
E
o e jkz ;
H By

r? 1
r
1
Eo jkz
e
E
H
y
jw
jw

1 Eo jkz

jk( x )
e
jw
k
oe jkz xE
oe jkz

xE
w
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The Wave Equation (1)

If we take the curl of Maxwells first equation:

r
r
E jw H

Using the vector identity:

r
r
r
A A 2 A

r
And assuming a source free, i.e. qe J 0 and lossless;
i.e. 0

r
E 0

medium:

r r
r
H = J J d ;

r
r D
Jd @ ;
t
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r r r
J =Js Jc 0
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The Wave Equation (2)

r
r
r
r
2
2
E (r ) w E (r )
Define k, which will be known as wave number:

k @w
2

r
r
2
2
E ( x, y , z ) k E ( x, y , z ) 0
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Wave Equation in Cartesian

Coordinates
r
r
2
2
E ( x, y , z ) k E ( x, y , z ) 0
where

r
E ( x, y, z ) x E x ( x, y, z ) y E y ( x, y , z ) z E z ( x, y, z )
and
2
2
2

2
2 2 2
x y z

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Laplacian
r
E ( x, y, z ) 2 x E x ( x, y, z ) y E y ( x, y, z ) z E z ( x, y , z )
2

x 2 Ex ( x, y, z ) y 2 E y ( x, y, z ) z 2 E z ( x, y, z )
2 Ex 2 Ex 2 Ex
x

2
2
2
y
z
x
2 E y 2 E y 2 E y
y

2
2
2
y
z
x
2 Ez 2 Ez 2 Ez
z
2 2
2
y
z
x
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Scalar Form of Maxwells

Equations
Let the electric field vary with x only.

r
r
E
2
k E
2
x
r
E x f ( x) y g ( x) z h( x)
2

and consider only one component of the field; i.e. f(x).

f
2
k x f
2
x
2

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Possible Solutions to the Scalar

Wave Equation
f ( x) Ae
1

jkx

A2e

jkx

traveling wave
Energy is transported from one
point to the other

or
f ( x) C1 cos(kx) D1 sin(kx) standing wave
Standing wave solutions are appropriate for bounded propagation such as wave
guides.
When waves travel in unbounded medium, traveling wave solution is more
appropriate.
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The Traveling Wave

The phasor form of the fields is a mathematical
representation.
The measurable fields are represented in the time domain.
Let the solution to the -component of the electric field be:

E Ae
1

jkx

A1 A1 e

Traveling in +x direction

Then

E ( x, y, z; t ) Re E ( x, y, z )e
Re A1e

jkx

jwt

jwt

A1 cos wt kx

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Traveling Wave
As time increases, the wave moves along +x direction

E ( x, y, z; t ) cos wt kx
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Standing Wave
E C1 cos(kx); C1 C1 e j
Then, in time domain:

E ( x, y, z; t ) Re E ( x, y, z )e jwt

Re C1 cos(kx)e jwt x C1 cos wt cos(kx)

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Standing Wave
Stationary nulls and peaks in space as time passes.

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To summarize
We have shown that Maxwells equations
describe how electromagnetic energy
travels in a medium
The E and H fields satisfy the wave
equation.
The solution to the wave equation can be
in various forms, depending on the
medium characteristics
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The Plane Wave Concept

Plane waves constitute a special set of E
and H field components such that E and H
are always perpendicular to each other
and to the direction of propagation.
A special case of plane waves is uniform
plane waves where E and H have a
constant magnitude in the plane that
contains them.
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Plane Wave Characteristics

r
E ( x, y, z; t ) A1 cos wt kx e
amplitude

Frequency
(rad/sec)

Direction of
propagation

phase
polarization

Wave number, depends on

the medium characteristics

r
E ( x, y, z; t ) A1 cos e; wt kz
amplitude

phase
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Plane Waves in Phasor Form

r
E ( x, y, z; t ) A1 cos wt kx e
r
j jkx
E ( x, y, z ) A1 e e e
E0e
Complex
amplitude

jkx

polarization

Position dependence
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Example 1
Assume that the E field lies along the x-axis (i.e. xpolarized) and is traveling along the z-direction.

r
jkz
oe
E xE

wave number

We derive the solution for the H field from the E field using
Maxwells equation #1:

r
H

r
1
Eo jkz
E y e
o
- jw

k 2 @w2

H
E

Intrinsic impedance;
377 for free space

Note the I = V/R analogy in circuit theory.

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Example 1 (2 of 4)
z

direction of
propagation

y
x

E, H plane

r
r
E ( x, y , z ) E ( z )
r
r
H ( x, y , z ) H ( z )

E and H fields are not functions of x and y, because they lie on x-y plane
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Example 1 (3 of 4)
In time domain:

r
Eo cos(wt kz )
E x
r
Eo

H y
cos(wt kz )
o
phase term
*** The constant phase term is the angle of the complex number Eo
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Example 1 (4 of 4)
Wavelength: period in space
k = 2

w
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Velocity of Propagation (1/3)

We observe that the fields progress with time.
Imagine that we ride along with the wave.
At what velocity shall we move in order to keep
up with the wave???

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Velocity of Propagation (2/3)

r
Eo cos(wt kz )
E x
E field as a function of different times

wt kz a constant
dz
d wt a

dt
dt
k

w
v
k

Constant phase
points

kz

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Velocity of Propagation (3/3)

In free space:

dz w
v

dt
k

v fs @c

k w
w
v

1
o o

109
o ;
F/m
36
o ; 4 107 H/m
c ; 3 108 m/s

Note that the velocity is independent of the frequency of the wave, but a function of the medium properties.

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Example 2
A uniform em wave is traveling at an angle
with respect to the z-axis as shown below.
The E field is in the y-direction. What is
the direction of the H field?
x

y
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Solution: Example 2
x
The direction of propagation is the unit vector
k

cos x
sin
k z
The E field is along y

Because E, H and the direction of propagation are perpendicular to each other, H

lies on x-z plane. It should be in the direction parallel to:

// k y
z
sin x
cos
h
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Example 3
Write the expression for an x-polarized electric
field that propagates in +z direction at a
frequency of 3 GHz in free space with unit
amplitude and 60o phase.

+ z-direction

r
E ( x, y, z; t ) A1 cos wt kz e
=1

W = 2f =

2*3*109

w o o

60o
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Solution 3
+ z-direction

r
E ( x, y, z; t ) A1 cos wt kz e
=1

W = 2f =

2*3*109

w o o

60o

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Example 4
If the electric field intensity of a uniform plane wave
in a dielectric medium where = or and = o is
given by:

r
9

E 377 cos(10 t 5y )z

Determine:
The direction of propagation and
frequency
The velocity
The dielectric constant (i.e. permittivity)
The wavelength
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Solution: Example 4 (1/2)

1. +y direction; w = 2f = 109
2. Velocity:

w 109
v

2 108 m/s
k
5

3. Permittivity:
1
v

1
c
3 108

o r o
r
r

8
3

10
9
8
v 2 10
r 2.25
4
r

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Solution: Example 4 (2/2)

4. Wavelength:
2 2

k
5

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Example 5
Assume that a plane wave propagates along +zdirection in a boundless and a source free,
dielectric medium. If the electric field is given by:

r
jkz
E oe x

E E x (z )x
Calculate the magnetic field, H.

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Example 5 - observations
Note that the phasor form is being used in
the notation; i.e. time dependence is
suppressed.
We observe that the direction of
propagation is along +z-axis.

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Solution: Example 5 (1/2)

k

r E
Eo
o
y

H
y

E
Intrinsic impedance, I = V/R

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Solution: Example 5 (2/2)

E, H and the direction of propagation are
orthogonal to each other.
Amplitudes of E and H are related to each
other through the intrinsic impedance of
the medium.
Note that the free space intrinsic
impedance is 377

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Example 6
Sketch the motion of the tip of the vector A(t)
as a function of time.

r
jy

Ax

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Solution: Example 6 (1/2)

r
A(t ) Re Ae jwt

Re xe

jye

Re xe

x cos(wt ) y cos(wt )
2
cos(wt ) y
sin(wt )
x
jwt

jwt

jwt

ye

j wt
2

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Solution: Example 6 (2/2)

y
wt = 90o

wt = 180o
wt = 0

wt = 270o
The vector A(t) rotates clockwise wrt z-axis. The tip traces a
circle of radius equal to unity with angular frequency w.
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Polarization
The alignment of the electric field vector of
a plane wave relative to the direction of
propagation defines the polarization.
Three types:
Linear
Circular
Elliptical (most general form)
Polarization is the locus of the tip of the electric field at a given point
as a function of time.
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Linear Polarization
y

E
x

Electric field oscillates

along a straight line
as a function of time
Example: wire
antennas

y
E

x
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Example 7

r
o cos(wt kz )
E (z; t ) xE
For z = 0 (any position value is fine)

r
o cos(wt )
E (0; t ) xE
y

- Eo
t=

Eo
x
t=0

Linear Polarization: The tip of the E field always stays on xaxis. It oscillates between Eo
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Example 8
r
cos(wt kz ) 2y
cos(wt kz )
E (z, t ) x
Exo=1

Eyo=2

Let z = 0 (any position is fine)

r
cos(wt ) 2y
cos(wt )
E (0, t ) x
y
t=0

Linear Polarization
x

t = /2
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Circular Polarization

RHCP

y
LHCP

Electric field traces a

circle as a function of
time.
Generated by two
linear components
that are 90o out of
phase.
Most satellite
antennas are
circularly polarized.
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Example 7

r
cos(wt kz ) y
sin(wt kz )
E (z; t ) x
Exo=1

Eyo=1

Let z= 0

cos(wt kz 2 )

r
cos(wt ) y
sin(wt )
E (0; t ) x
RHCP

y
t=/2w

t=
t=0

t=3/2w

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Elliptical Polarization
y
RH

y
LH

This is the most

general form
Linear and circular
cases are special
forms of elliptical
polarization
Example: log spiral
antennas

x
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Example 8

r
cos(wt kz a ) yb
cos(wt kz b )
E (z; t ) xa
Ey

Ex
Linear when

a b or a b
b
Ey E x
a
Circular when

a b

and a b

Ey2 E x2 a2
Elliptical if no special condition is met.
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Example 9
r
j 0.5 z
j 4y
e
E 3x
V/m
Determine the polarization of this wave.

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Solution: Example 9 (1/2)

Note that the field is given in phasor form. We would like to
see the trace of the tip of the E field as a function of time.
Therefore we need to convert the phasor form to time domain.

r jwt
r
E ( z; t ) Re Ee

j 4y
e
Re 3x

j 0.5 z

jwt

j e

j 2

cos(wt 0.5z ) 4y
cos(wt 0.5z 2 )
3x
cos(wt 0.5z ) 4y
sin(wt 0.5z)
3x
Ex ( z; t ) = 3 cos(wt 0.5z )
Ey ( z; t ) = 4 sin(wt 0.5z )
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82

Solution: Example 9 (2/2)

Let z=0

Ex (0; t ) = 3 cos(0.5z )
Ey (0; t ) = 4 sin(0.5z )
E (0; t )

9
2
x

E (0; t )
2
y

16

Elliptical polarization

Ex Ey

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Example 10
Find the polarization of the following fields:
a)
b)
c)

r r
jkz
E (r ) jx y e
r r
jkx
E (r ) (1 j ) y (1 j ) z e
r r
jky
E (r ) (2 j ) x (3 j ) z e

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Solution:
Example
10
(1/4)
r
r
j kz
jkz
jkz

E (r ) jx y e xe
ye
r r
E(r ; t ) x sin( wt kz ) y cos( wt kz )

a)

Observe that orthogonal components

have same amplitude but 90o phase
difference.

Circular Polarization
y
t=0

Let kz=0
t=/2w

t=3/2w

RHCP
t=
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85

Solution:
Example
10
(2/4)
r
b)

r
E (r ) (1 j ) y (1 j ) z e jkx
j 4

j 4

1 j 2e ; 1 j 2e
r r
E(r ; t ) y 2 cos( wt kx 4 ) z 2 cos( wt kx 4 )

Observe that orthogonal components

have same amplitude but 90o phase
difference.

Circular Polarization
z
t=+/4w

Let kx=0

t=3
x

t=5/4w

t=-/4w

RHCP
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Solution: Example 10 (3/4)

r r
E (r ) (2 j ) x (3 j ) z e jky

c)

2 j 5e j ; 3 j 10e j
1
1 1
tan ; tan
2
3
r r
E(r ; t ) x 5 cos( wt ky ) z 10 cos( wt ky )
1

Observe that orthogonal components

have different amplitudes and are out of
phase.
x

Elliptical Polarization

t=-/w

Left Hand
Let ky=0

z
y

t=+/w
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Solution: Example 10 (4/4)

d)

r r
E (r ) jx j 2 y e jkz
j 2

je
r r
E(r ; t ) x sin( wt kz ) y 2sin( wt kz )
x y 2 sin( wt kz )
Observe that orthogonal
components are in phase.

Linear Polarization
y

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Coherence and Polarization

In the definition of linear, circular and elliptical
polarization, we considered only completely
polarized plane waves.
Natural radiation received by an anatenna
operating at a frequency w, with a narrow
bandwidth, w would be quasi-monochromatic
plane wave.
The received signal can be treated as a single
frequency plane wave whose amplitude and
phase are slowly varying functions of time.
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Quasi-Monochromatic Waves
r
jkz j
Ex (t )e
E (z; t ) x
o

x (t )

Ey (t )e
y

jkz jy (t )

amplitude and phase are slowly varying functions of time

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Degree of Coherence
xy @

Ex E
Ex

*
y

Ey

where <.> denotes the time average.

1T
K lim K dt
T
T 0
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Degree of Coherence Plane Waves

Ex Ex e

jkz

Ey Ey e

jkz

j x

j y

x , y are constant. Thus:

xy 1
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Unpolarized Waves
An em wave can be unpolarized. For
example sunlight or lamp light. Other
terminology: randomly polarized,
incoherent. A wave containing many
linearly polarized waves with the
polarization randomly oriented in space.
A wave can also be partially polarized;
such as sky light or light reflected from the
surface of an object; i.e. glare.
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Poynting Vector
As we have seen, a uniform plane wave
carries em power.
The power density is obtained from the
Poynting vector.
The direction of the Poynting vector is in
the direction of wave propagation.

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Poynting Vector
r
r r*
2
S EH
W/m
r
r r*
1
S Re E H
2
where
denotes time average

95
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Example 11
Calculate the time average power density for
the em wave if the electric field is given by:

r
jkz
oe
E xE

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Solution: Example 11 (1/2)

r 1
r
E;
H z

1
jkz
x
E oe
z

Eo
jkz

ye

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Solution: Example 11 (2/2)

r
r r*
1
S Re E H
2
2

Eo
1
y

Re x

2
1

z
Eo
2

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Plane Waves in Lossy Media

Finite conductivity, results in loss
Ohms Law applies:

r
r
Jc E
Conduction current

Conductivity, Siemens/m

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Complex Permittivity
From Amperes Law in phasor form:

r
r
r
r r
r
H J jw E;
where J Js Jc
r
r
r
Js E jw E
r
r

Js jw j E
w

r
(r
Js jw E

(
j
w

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Wave Equation for Lossy Media

r
r
(
2
2
E w E 0

Wave number:

Loss tangent,

(
k w

w 1 j
w

k @ j

Phase constant

Attenuation constant
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101

Example 12 (1/2)
Plane wave propagation in lossy media:

r
jkz
oe ;
E xE
r
Eo jkz
( e ;
H y

complex number

(
k w @ j
(

( ( e j

r
oe z e j z
E xE
r
Eo z j z
Eo z j z
( e e
( e e
H y
y

102
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Example 12 (2/2)
r
z
oe cos(wt z )
E ( z; t ) xE
r
Eo z
( e cos(wt z )
H ( z; t ) y

attenuation

propagation

Plane wave is traveling along +z-direction and dissipating as it moves.

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Field Attenuation in Lossy Medium

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Attenuation and Skin Depth

Attenuation coefficient, , depends on the
conductivity, permittivity and frequency.

k w 1 j
w

k @ j

Skin depth, is a measure of how far em wave can

penetrate a lossy medium

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105

Lossy Media

106
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Example 13
Calculate the attenuation rate and skin
depth of earth for a uniform plane wave of
10 MHz. Assume the following properties
for earth:
= o
= 4o
= 10-4

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Solution: Example 13
First we check if we can use approximate relations.

104 36 109
2

4.5

10
= 1 Slightly conducting
7
w 2 10
4
o
;

120 30 10 4 0.0094
2 2 4 o 4
1
; 106.1 m

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References
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/P
HYS/Class/waves/u10l1b.html
Applied Electromagnetism, Liang Chi
Shen, Jin Au Kong, PWS

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Homework Assignments
Due 9/25/08

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Homework 3.1
The magnetic field of a uniform plane wave traveling in free
space is given by

r
jkz
oe
H xH
1. What is the direction of propagation?
2. What is the wave number, k in terms of permittivity, o
and permeability, o?
3. Determine the electric field, E.
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Homework 3.2
Find the polarization state of the following plane
wave:

r r
jkz
E (r ) jx j 2 y e

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Homework 3.3
How far must a plane wave of frequency 60
GHz propagate in order for the phase of
the wave to be retarded by 180 o in a
lossless medium with r =1 and r = 3.5?

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Solution Homework 3.1

r
jkz
oe
H xH

1. What is the direction of propagation? Ans: -z

2. What is the wave number, k in terms of permittivity, o
and permeability, o?
Ans: free space k w o o
3. Determine the electric field, E.
r
Hoo e jkz ;
E y

o
o

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E
H
k

114

Solution: Homework 3.2

r r
E (r ) jx j 2 y e jkz
j 2

je
r r
E(r ; t ) x sin( wt kz ) y 2sin( wt kz )
x y 2 sin( wt kz )
Observe that orthogonal
components are in phase.

Linear Polarization
y

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Solution 3.3 (1/2)

Wavelength: period in space
k = 2

w
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Solution 3.3 (2/2)

kz

k w
2 f 3.5o o
1
3 * 108

9
2f 3.5 o o 2 * 60 * 10 3.5
1

m
400 3.5
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