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Statistics For Business and Economics: Bab 2
Statistics For Business and Economics: Bab 2
Statistics For Business and Economics: Bab 2
JOHN S. LOUCKS
St. Edwards University
Chapter 2
Descriptive Statistics:
Tabular and Graphical Methods
Frequency Distribution
Relative Frequency
Percent Frequency Distribution
Bar Graph
Pie Chart
Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution
Rating
Frequency
Poor
2
Below Average
3
Average
5
Above Average
9
Excellent
1
Total
20
Relative
Percent
Frequency Frequency
Poor
.10
10
Below Average
.15
15
Average
.25
25
Above Average
.45
45
Excellent
.05
5
Total
1.00
100
Bar Graph
10
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Poor
Rating
11
Pie Chart
12
Pie Chart
Exc.
Poor
5%
10%
Above
Average
45%
Below
Average
15%
Average
25%
Quality Ratings
13
14
Frequency Distribution
Relative Frequency and Percent Frequency
Distributions
Dot Plot
Histogram
Cumulative Distributions
Ogive
15
16
Frequency Distribution
17
Frequency Distribution
18
Frequency Distribution
If we choose six classes:
Approximate Class Width = (109 - 52)/6 = 9.5
10
Cost ($)
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
100-109
Total
Frequency
2
13
16
7
7
5
50
19
21
Dot Plot
22
.
50
Dot Plot
.. . ..
.. .. ... ..
.
. ..... .......... .. . .. . .
60
70
80
90
..
... .
.
.. .
100
110
Cost ($)
23
Histogram
Frequency
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
50
60
70
80
90
100
Parts
Cost ($)
110
25
Cumulative Distribution
26
Cumulative Distributions
Cumulative Cumulative
Cumulative
Relative
Percent
Cost ($)
Frequency
Frequency
< 59
2
< 69
15
< 79
31
< 89
38
< 99
45
< 109
50
Frequency
.04
.30
.62
.76
.90
1.00
4
30
62
76
90
100
27
Ogive
Ogive
Because the class limits for the parts-cost
data are 50-59, 60-69, and so on, there
appear to be one-unit gaps from 59 to 60,
69 to 70, and so on.
These gaps are eliminated by plotting points
halfway between the class limits.
Thus, 59.5 is used for the 50-59 class, 69.5
is used for the 60-69 class, and so on.
29
100
80
60
40
20
50
60
70
80
90
100
Parts
Cost ($)
110
30
31
Stem-and-Leaf Display
Stem-and-Leaf Display
5
6
7
2 7
2 2 2 2 5 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 9
1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 9
9
8 0 0 2 3 5 8 9
9 1 3 7 7 7 8 9
10 1 4 5 5 9
33
34
2
7
2
5
1
5
0
5
1
7
1
5
2
6
1
5
0
8
3
7
4
5
2
7
2
5
2
9
2
8 8 8 9 9 9
2 3 4 4
6 7 8 9 9 9
3
7 8 9
9
35
Stem-and-Leaf Display
Leaf Units
A single digit is used to define each leaf.
In the preceding example, the leaf unit was
1.
Leaf units may be 100, 10, 1, 0.1, and so on.
Where the leaf unit is not shown, it is
assumed to equal 1.
36
11.7 9.4
9.1
37
38
39
Crosstabulation
40
Crosstabulation
The number of Finger Lakes homes sold for
each style and price for the past two years is
shown below.
Price
Range
Total
Home Style
Colonial Ranch Split A-Frame
< $99,000
12
55
> $99,000
45
Total
100
30
18
19
12
14
16
20
35
3
15
41
42
43
Row Percentages
Price
Range
Total
Home Style
Colonial Ranch Split A-Frame
< $99,000
32.73
21.82
100
> $99,000
26.67
6.67
100
10.91
34.55
31.11
35.56
Column Percentages
Price
Range
< $99,000
80.00
> $99,000
20.00
Total
Home Style
Colonial Ranch Split A-Frame
60.00
30.00
54.29
40.00
70.00
45.71
100
100
100
100
45
Scatter Diagram
46
Scatter Diagram
A Positive Relationship
47
Scatter Diagram
A Negative Relationship
48
Scatter Diagram
No Apparent Relationship
49
Scatter Diagram
The Panthers football team is interested in
investigating the relationship, if any, between
interceptions made and points scored.
x = Number of
y = Number of
Interceptions
Points Scored
1
14
3
24
2
18
1
17
3
27
50
y
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
x
1
0
2
3
Number of Interceptions
51
52
Graphical
Methods
Frequency
Bar Graph
Pie Chart
Distribution
Rel. Freq. Dist.
% Freq. Dist.
Crosstabulation
Quantitative Data
Tabular
Methods
Frequency
Distribution
Rel. Freq. Dist.
Cum. Freq. Dist.
Cum. Rel. Freq.
Distribution
Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Crosstabulation
Graphical
Methods
Dot Plot
Histogram
Ogive
Scatter
Diagram
53
End of Chapter 2
54