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Process Equipment Design - I (ChE 553)
Process Equipment Design - I (ChE 553)
I (ChE 553)
By
M. K. Mandal
Overview
Engineering design is the process of converting an idea or
market need into the details information from which a product
or system can be made
Aim of the future development in technology is to increase the
benefits and reduce the problems
Pressure Vessel
Books:
i. Process Equipment Design
- Lloyd E. Brownell & Edwin H. Young
ii. Process Equipment Design
- M. V. Joshi
Introduction
Application Area
used in variety of industries
Petroleum refinery
Chemical industry
Power sector
Pulp & paper industry
Food & beverage industry
Types of vessel
Open vessel: used for low value liquid
Closed vessel: used for toxic, hazardous fluid
Again,
i.
Cylindrical:
a)
Horizontal
b) Vertical
ii. Spherical:
SPHERICAL PRESSURIZED
STORAGE VESSEL
Design Code
Based on ASME code section VIII
Various forces
several types of stresses may occur in cylindrical shell as
follows:
i. Longitudinal/axial stress resulting from pressure within the
vessel
ii. Circumferential/tangential stress resulting from pressure
within the vessel
iii. Residual weld stress resulting from localized heating
iv. Stresses resulting from superimposed loads such as wind,
snow & ice, auxiliary equipment & impact loads
v. Stresses resulting from thermal differences
vi. Others, such as may be encountered in practice
Stress element
Longitudinal
(closed
stress l
ends)
Tangentia
l stress
Hoop stress
Longitudinal stress,
r
Radial stress
Pressure
area
Hoop stress
Internal
pressure,
p
Materials of Construction
i.
Ferrous metal
external forces
energy in deformation
Problem
10000 kg of SO2/CO2/NH3/H2S/Cl2/Propane/Butane are to be
stored at 150 kg/cm2 at 30 deg C in a suitable pressure vessel.
Design and draw the above vessel & submit a neat scale drawing
of the same.
Consider the gas follows real gas mechanism as:
PV=nZRT and L:D = 2:1
SHELL
It is the primary component that contains the pressure.
Pressure vessel shells in the form of different plates are
welded together to form a structure that has a common
rotational axis.
Shells are either cylindrical, spherical or conical in shape.
SHELL
Ft
pD
2t
Ft> Fa
Longitudinal/axial stress:
pD
Fa
4t
Ft is considered as design
stress
Where p
internal pressure
D
mean diameter = (Di+Do)/2
t = shell thickness
pD
t
2fJ
J= joint efficiency
f= maximum allowable stress
D = (Do + Di)/2
&
Do = Di + 2t
So
,
2fJ
Do Di
p Di t
2fJ
P= design pressure
= working press. + 20% of
pDi
t
2fJ p
Now, final t = t + C
Where C = corrosion allowance
= 10 % of t or 1 mm (minm.) or 3 mm (maxm.)
No corrosion allowance for stainless steel
With this thickness (t), one should estimate what should be the resulting
circumferential & longitudinal stress
i.
Ft
p Di t '
2t '
ii.
pDi
F1
4t '
b)
F2
c)
(tensile)
Due to windF
or3piping
'
W
Di t '
M
M
z
Di2 t '
(Compressive)
Where, W = wt.
(tensile or
Compressive)
iii.
2T
t ' Di Di t '
T = torque about the vessel axis
FR F Ft Fa F 3F
2
t
2
a
FR Ft
Fa Ft
2
s
HEAD
All the pressure vessels must be closed at the
ends by heads (or another shell section).
Heads are typically curved rather than flat.
The reason is that curved configurations are
stronger and allow the heads to be thinner,
lighter and less expensive than flat heads.
Heads can also be used inside a vessel and
are known as intermediate heads.
These intermediate heads are separate
sections of the pressure vessels to permit
different design conditions.
NOZZLE
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that
penetrates into the shell or head of pressure
vessel.
They are used for the following applications.
Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.
Attach instrument connection (level gauges,
Thermowells, pressure gauges).
Provide access to the vessel interior at
MANWAY.
Provide for direct attachment of other equipment
items (e.g. heat exchangers).
SUPPORT
Support is used to bear all the load of
pressure vessel, earthquake and wind loads.
There are different types of supports which
are used depending upon the size and
orientation of the pressure vessel.
It is considered to be the non-pressurized
part of the vessel.
TYPES OF SUPPORTS
SADDLE SUPPORT:
Horizontal drums are typically supported at two
locations by saddle support.
It spreads over a large area of the shell to prevent an
excessive local stress in the shell at support point.
One saddle support is anchored whereas the other is
free to permit unstrained longitudinal thermal
expansion of the drum.
TYPES OF SUPPORTS
LEG SUPPORT:
Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs
that are welded to the lower portion of the shell.
The max. ratio of support leg length to drum diameter
is typically 2 : 1
Reinforcing pads are welded to the shell first to
provide additional local reinforcement and load
distribution.
The number of legs depends on the drum size and
loads to be carried.
Support legs are also used for Spherical pressurized
storage vessels.
Cross bracing between the legs is used to absorb wind
or earth quake loads.
TYPES OF SUPPORTS
LUG SUPPORT:
TYPES OF SUPPORTS
SKIRT SUPPORT:
Tall vertical cylindrical pressure vessels are typically
supported by skirts.
A support skirt is a cylindrical shell section that is
welded either to the lower portion of the vessel shell
or to the bottom head (for cylindrical vessels).
The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough
flexibility so that radial thermal expansion of the shell
does not cause high thermal stresses at its junction
with the skirt.