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Lect 6
Lect 6
Lect 6
Grand Junction
Transmitter
Radon in Boulder
For this to work, well need for both the transmitter and Radon to have
clocks.
If the distance from the GPS transmitter is 250 miles, that means
you are somewhere on a circle of radius 250 miles.
locations.
Everyone has good clocks.
The GPS satellites have very good clocks
Having atomic time machine
The signals are made in a way so that you
can tell which transmitter sent them.
For real problems, we use the intersection of
three spheres, not three circles.
A 2 Dimensional Example
Time for the signal to reach
A 2 Dimensional Example
The distance from a third
A 2 Dimensional Example
Assume the error in each of our
measurements is a constant, k.
Solve for k, so that the
error triangle is as
small as possible.
Introduction--cont.
GPS provides specially coded satellite signals
more satellites.
23
location somewhere on a
circle at the intersection
of the two spheres.
Time Difference is
Timing of the signals transmitted by the
Distance
satellites is very accurate due to the dual
Satellite Position is
Known
The position of each satellite is known with great
accuracy. Current orbital position data is
transmitted by each satellite.
Orbits are monitored by ground control stations.
Corrected orbital information is uploaded several
times a day.
Given the position of each satellite and the
distance from the GPS receiver to each satellite,
the position of the GPS receiver can be computed.
GPS Limitations
Its
ancould
electronic
Failure
result from
Low battery
gadget
Too cold
Got wet
Got dropped
Forgot how to use it!
navigation!
GPS Limitations
Fewer
than
4 satellites
Your GPS needs
to be able
to receive a strong
signal from at least 4 satellites to report an
visible
accurate position
Problems could be caused by
buildings.
Dense tree canopy. Especially if its wet.
Antenna is shielded by metal from a car, aircraft or
building.
Low batteries may reduce receiver sensitivity.
GPS Limitations
Poor satellite geometry
A small cluster of satellites can result in a large position error.
Similar to triangulating with mountain peaks that are
close to one another.
User Segment
Control Segment
Ground
Antennas
Master Station
Monitor Stations
Control Segment
The CS consists of 3 entities:
Master Control System
Monitor Stations
Ground Antennas
Control Segment
US Space Command
Cape Canaveral
Hawaii
Kwajalein Atoll
Ascension
Is.
Diego Garcia
Monitor Station
Ground Antenna
Space Segment
Space Segment
Each satellite has a design life of approximately 10 years,
weighs about 2,000 pounds, and is about 17 feet across
with its
solar panels extended. Older satellites, still functioning
are equipped with 2 atomic clocks.
Newer satellites are equipped with rubidium atomic
clocks. All satellites also contain 3 nickel batteries for
backup power when a
satellite is in earth eclipse (out of view of the sun).
Each satellite transmits as part of its signal to ground
stations
and all users the following information.
Space Segment
-Coded ranging signals (radio transmission time signals
that
allow receivers to triangulate their positions).
-Ephemeris position information (a message
transmitted
every 30 seconds containing precise information on
the
location of the satellite in space).
-Atmospheric data (necessary to help correct signal
interference from the satellites to the receiver).
-Clock correction information defining the precise time
of
satellite signal transmission (in GPS Time), and a
correction
parameter to convert GPS Time to UTC
Space Segment
-An almanac containing information on the GPS
constellation,
which includes location and health of the satellites.
Whenever a
GPS receiver is operating outdoors it automatically
downloads an
almanac from the satellites.
This almanac is stored in the receivers memory until
the next time it is turned. The stored almanac allows a
receiver to more quickly acquire GPS satellite signal
because it already knows the general location, and
other information, about the satellites
in the constellation.
Space Segment
User Segment
Military.
Search and rescue.
Disaster relief.
Surveying.
Marine, aeronautical and terrestrial navigation.
Remote controlled vehicle and robot guidance.
Satellite positioning and tracking.
Shipping.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Recreation.
Space Segment--Satellite
Signals--Code-Phasing
Ranging
Distance is calculated using the velocity
equation.
Distance
Velocity =
cont.
Time
Rearranging the equation for
distance:
49
50
mi
ft
x 5208 0.23 sec=2,257,8400 ft
sec
mi
Trilateration
Monitor Stations
Six monitor stations are located at Falcon Air
Monitor Stations
(continued)
The control segment uses measurements
collected by the monitor stations to predict the
behavior of each satellite's orbit and clock.
The prediction data is up-linked, or transmitted,
to the satellites for transmission back to the
users.
The control segment also ensures that the GPS
satellite orbits and clocks remain within
acceptable limits. A station can track up to 11
satellites at a time.
Monitor Stations
(continued)
This "check-up" is performed twice a day, by
each station, as the satellites complete their
journeys around the earth.
Variations such as those caused by the gravity
of the moon, sun and the pressure of solar
radiation, are passed along to the master
control station.
Ground Antennas
Ground antennas monitor and track the