Magnetic

Fields

Magnetism
Interactions

between magnets described in

terms of poles.
magnetic charges opposites attract
Interactions due to magnetic field .
Compass needles align w/
Direction of force direction of force on a N
pole

Magnetic Field
Similar

to :

Vector field
Two charges (poles)

Except

No magnetic
monopoles

Forces on Magnetic Charges

From

empirical studies:

toplane

Cross Products
Review Cross Products (Ch. 1)

CW: (i.e., )
CCW: (i.e., )

Forces on Magnetic Charges (cont.)

Direction

(RHR):

Point fingers of right hand in direction of

Thumb: to fingers
Curl fingers toward .
Thumb points in direction
of (on )
: is opposite direction

Example
Determine the missing directions.
Direction of
A
A
B
B
C
C
D

particle

Forces on Magnetic Charges (cont.)

Magnitude

of the force

SI units: Teslas,
Another unit: Gauss,
In and :

Example
A charged particle travels with a speed of in a
region where the magnetic field is in the
direction and has a magnitude of . Determine the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic force if
the particle is (a) an electron traveling in the
direction; (b) a proton traveling in the direction;
(c) an particle traveling in the direction; and (d)
an ion traveling in the direction.

Example
An electron travels in a straight line in the
direction with a velocity of . There is both an
electric and a magnetic field in this region. (a) If
the magnetic field points in the direction and has a
magnitude of , what is the magnitude and direction
of the electric field? (b) A electric field points in the
direction. What is the magnitude and direction of
the magnetic field in this situation? The gravitational
force on the electron can be ignored.

Magnetic Field Lines

Field lines can
never
intersect.
Field lines
form closed
loops (have
no starting/
ending
point).

Magnetic Field Lines (cont.)

Magnetic Flux

Units: , webers
Gauss Law for Magnetism:

Motion of Charged Particles in

does

no work on a moving
charge.
cannot change , only
direction.
If , not :

Motion of Charged Particles in

does

no work on a moving
charge.
cannot change , only
direction.
If , not :

Application: Velocity Selector

Charge

moving in both and

with specific :
No deflection of particle (straight
line).

Example
A negatively-charged chlorine isotope is accelerated through
a potential difference of . It then enters a region of crossed
electric and magnetic fields. (a) Which plate, or , has the
higher potential? After exiting plate , the isotope then travels
undeflected with speed through a region of crossed, uniform
electric and magnetic fields. (b) Determine the charge-tomass ratio of the isotope. (c) If , , , and , determine the mass
of the isotope.


Application:
J. J.

Thomson (for )

Accelerate through . Enter region w/ both

and .
Conservation of energy + velocity selector.

Example
A charged isotope (charge ,
mass ) travels through a
velocity selector undeflected
with speed . It then enters a
region where there is a
magnetic field which has a
magnitude of as shown in the
figure. Determine, , the
distance from where the
isotope enters the second
magnetic field the mass strikes
the detector.

Application: Mass Spectrometer

Uses

velocity selector to
isolate isotopes
Radius of path (i.e., how far
from opening strike detector)
All other values are
measurable.

Magnetic Force on a Conductor

Conductor

(length ) carries current in

Magnitude:

Direction: same RHR for charges

: vector of length , in direction of

Example
A loop of current is pulled into a region where there is
a magnetic field as shown in the figure. If the length
of the sides of the loop are , the current through the
loop is and the magnetic field has a magnitude of ,
what is the net force on the loop?

Force on a Current Loop

Assume

uniform .

Axis of rotation = axis.

Force & Torque on a Current Loop

due

to , along axis.

due to due to
due to

Direction of : RHR (fingers = , thumb = )

Magnetic (Dipole) Moment

Direction of :
RHR
(fingers = , thumb = )
Points from S N

Potential Energy (& Coils)

Work

to move through angle (align

, ):

For stacked loops (i.e., a coil):

Example
The loop in the picture has a radius of and carries a
current in the direction shown. The loop is free to rotate
about an axis perpendicular to the page and is tilted so
that a line perpendicular to the face of the loop makes
an angle of with a magnetic field to the right. (a) Will
this loop rotate clockwise or counterclockwise? (b)
What is the magnitude of the torque on the loop?


Non-uniform

Axis of coil is parallel to

page.
Looking toward magnet
from right, is CW.

How to Magnetize An Object w/o Really Trying

or
Why Magnets Stick to the Fridge
S
N

S
N