Cell Cycle

Mitosis
Meiosis
Genetic recombination
Uncontrolled mitosis

Cell Cycle
Life of a cell from time formed until
division into 2 NEW cells
Ends with division into 2
Interphase covers most of cell cycle,
followed by either mitosis or meiosis
Last average 24 hours

Interphase

Gap phase : Division of

organelle,
proteins and
cytoplasm
material
Synthesis phase :
Replication of
chromosomes

90% of cell cycle

G1 (First gap) phase
S (Synthesis)
phase
G2 (Second gap)
phase
Low division or no
division cells = G0

G0 Phase
Most cells G0 phase
If no cell signal to go G1 phase, then default is
G0 phase
Can be permanent : Muscle cells and nerve
Can be temporary : Hepatocytes when
molecular signal given
Loss of control = Cancer

Chromosomes and Names!!

Chromatin : Chromosome + proteins when
NOT condensed. During non-division
Chromosome : Condensed chromatin
Chromatid : One of the chromosome copy
after S phase
: Comes in pairs joined at
centromere (sister chromatids)
Homolog pairing : Pairing up of chromosomes of the
same
type

Chromosomes
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosome
Made of 1 short arm and long arm,
center separated by centromere
containing kinetochore proteins
Protein (histones) + DNA soil into
nucleosome, coiled and condensed.

Karyotype!!
22 pairs somatic chromosome / autosomes
1 pair sex chromosome

Centrosome
Microtubule organizing center (MTOC)
Centrioles arranged at 90 degrees to
each other within amorphous protein
material (pericentriolar material - PCM)
> Centriole guides formation of
microtubules
> PCM contains microtubule building
material

What the heck?!

Centriole
Centrosome
Centromere

Mitosis
Process of equal cell division, diploid 2n=46
where n = set of chromosomes
Division of nucleus followed by cytoplasmic
division
Occur in somatic cells
1) Prophase
2) Prometaphase
3) Metaphase
4) Anaphase
Cytokinesis
5) Telophase
(Cytoplasm
movement)

1) Prophase
Chromatin fibers condense, thickens
- Visible as chromatid pairs joined at
centromere
Nucleoli disappears
Mitotic spindle (spindle fiber) form from
centriole (with centriole center)
> Kinetochore spindle
> Non-kinetochore spindle
Centrosome starts moving to opposite
poles

2) Prometaphase
Nuclear membrane
fragmentates
Chromosomes even more
condensed
Kinetochore spindle fiber move
into nuclear space, binds
centromere kinetochore
> Sister chromatids move
around by spindle fibers
Non-kinetochore spindles from
opposite poles interact

3) Metaphase
Centrosome (centriole) arrive at
opposite poles
Centriole movement pulls chromatids
to metaphse plate in the middle of
nuclear space
Each sister chromatid kinetochore
attached to spindle fiber from
opposite poles

4) Anaphase
Proteins holding the sister
chromatids are cleaved, allowing
separation Chromosomes
Kinetochore spindle fiber shortens,
pulling chromosomes to each side
centromere first
Cell elongates as non-kinetochore
spindle elongates

5) Telophase
Nuclear membrane fragments shared
among 2 cells, form 2 nuclear
membrane
Nucleoli reappear
Chromosome decondense
Spindle fibers depolymerise
MITOSIS COMPLETE!!

Cytokinesis
Pinching of 2 nucleus cell into 2 separate cells
Animals : Cleavage furrow formation
- Actin and myosin form
contractile
ring, divide cell into 2
Plants : Wall vesicles (phragmoplast) with cell
wall material collect in middle of
cell
: Fuse, form cell plates Cell wall

Meiosis
Division of sex cells to produce half
cells or haploid n=23
- Chromosomes do not come in
pairs
Form sex gametes or reproductive
cells
During fertilization, fusion forms
diploid (2n) cells
Consists of 2 meiosis division phases
(meiosis I and II)

Meiosis I
Prophase I
Metaphse I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokineses

Prophase I
Chromosome begins to condense and homologous
chromosomes pair loosely aligned gene by gene
Homologs fuse at synapse (via synapsis) by a
synaptic protein complex
> Crossing over and genetic exchange (genetic
recombination) occur at sister chromatids at
synapse
> Synaptic protein complex disassemble after
exchange sister chromatids still held loosely at
chiasmata
Centrosome movement, nuclear fragmentation
Spindle forms, attach to kinetochore and moves
homologous pairs to metaphase plate

What the heck?!

Crossing over
Synapse
Synaptic protein complex
Chiasmata

Metaphase I
Arrangement of homolog pair at
metaphase plate
Each homolog with sister chromatids
attached to one centromere

Anaphase I
Proteins holding chiasmata structure
together broken down, separates
homolog chromosome
Spindle fibers shorten, homologs
move towards opposite poles
P/S : Sister chromatids still attached to
each
other

Telophase I
Nuclear membrane formation
occur/doesnt
Chromosomes decondense or not
Nucleoli forms
Cytokinesis occur
Cells are haploid even thought each
chromosome has 2 sister chromatids

Prophase II
Spindle formation
Spindle attach at centromere
kinetochore
Centrosome move start moving to
opposite poles, moving chromatid
pairs to metaphase plate

Metaphase II
Metaphase plate arrangement of
chromatid sisters
Spindle fibers of opposite poles
attach to each sister chromatid

Anaphase II
Proteins holding sister chromatids
broken down
Chromatids separate on spindle
shortening
Chromatids move in opposite
direction

Telophase II

Nuclear membrane forms

Chromosome decondense
Spindle fibers depolymerize
Cytokinesis

Cells are now true haploid (n), 23

chromosomes

Need for telophase I and prophase II

Is it needed??? Discuss..

Genetic Variation in Meiosis

Crossing over at chiasmata for genetic
exchange during prophase I
Random arrangement of homologous pairs at
metaphase I and II
> Segregation of father mother chromatid
pairs randomly
> Segregation of sister chromatids
randomly (yes
or no synapse?)

 Crossing over:
1) Contact and
physically stick
together by cohesin
2) Chromosome sections
at chiasmata break
and recombine
(genetic
recombination)
3) Cohesin dissolved and
crossing over ends

Uncontrolled Mitosis
What if everything goes into G 1 phase for fun..
CANCER!!
Cancer : Uncontrolled cell division which
forms abnormal cells
Metastasis : Movement of cancer cells from
one site to another non-adjacent site
: Usually via blood and lymph
: Well vascularised areas affected
easily
: Eg Lung cell tumors found in brain

Cancer Therapy
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Guess what drugs..
Angiogenesis inhibitors
Immunotherapy Anti-self vaccine
Hormone treatment eg: estrogen dependent
breast cancer
Treat symptoms (Palliative care)