Normal Structure & Function

of Musculoskeletal Tissues
Salter reading
By Dina Aprilya

2 points of view
Structure
Haemopoetic tissue
Homeostasis of Mineral

Bone
Rigid Framework
Lever for the Locomotor
system
Protection for viscera

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Organ

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
OF BONES
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Embryonic
Tube

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Connective
tissue
pluripotent
cell

Ektoderm

Mesoderm

Mesenchyme

Endoderm

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The hyaline cartilage model

5th week

Mesenchymal Model
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6th week

Cartilaginous Model
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Calcification of the cartilage

7th week
Hypertrophy cartilage
Calsification of matrix
Dead cartilage cells
Vascular CT bringing
osteoblast

Osteoblast
secrete
collagen and
proteoglycans

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Matrix
impregneted
with calcium
salts

primary
ossification
centre

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endochondral
ossification
Centeredges
Increase length

intramembranosus
ossification
increase bone
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diameter.

Medullary cavity develops

6th month Tubulation Medullary Cavity

Newborn

secondary
ossification
centre

epyfisisendochondral ossification
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BONE GROWTH &

REMODELLING
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Bone growth in Length

Attach epiphysis to
epiphysial plate,
immature cells,rich
vascular
Most active
Hypertrophy, produce
posphate
Calsification matrix,
dead chondrocytes

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Bone growth in width

Appositional growth
Intramembranososus Ossification
periosteum
Osteoclastic resorption
endoosteum

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Bone remodelling

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Wollfs Law : Form Follow The

Function

Stressor >>
strength>>
Deposit ion>>
thicker cortex

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Stressor <<
strength<<
absorbtion>>
less dense cortex

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ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY

OF BONES AS STRUCTURES
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Gross Structure
Long bone (tubular bone)
Short bone (cuboidal bone)
Flat bone
Each bone..
Compacta
Spongiosa

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Blood supply
Afferent
Efferent
Intermediate
Blood Flow: centrifugal pattern

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Histological structure
Immature bone
Mature Bone

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Bone Cells and Their Function

Ossification

Deossification

BMP

fusion of many
pluripotential stem
cells

Perivascular
mesenchimal
cells

Osteoclast

Osteoblast

Bone alkaline
phosphatase
Bone
matrix/Osteoid
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BIOCHEMISTRY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE AS AN
ORGAN
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Bone Biochemistry

water

Bone cells
and matrix

Organic
Inorganic
Water

Minerals

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Calcium and Phosphorus

Metabolism
3
hormones

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3 organs

Active Vit
D

Bone

PTH

Kidneys

calcitonin

Intestine

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 Bone is the reservoir of 99% of the total

body Calcium and 90% of the total body
phosphorus

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Hydroxyapatite

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Hormonal regulation
Hormone

Trigger

Regulation

PTH

Hypocalcemia

-Bone Reabsorption
plasma Ca
-stimulate Ca Resorption by renal plasma P
tubule
- Inhibit renal tubule phosphate
resorption

Calcitonin

Hypercalcemia

Decrease bone resorption

plasma Ca

Vit D active
(1,25Dihydroxycalciferol)

Hypocalcemia
Hypophosphatemia
PTH

intestinal absorption Ca and P

mobilization of Ca
renal tubular reabsorption of Ca
Stimulate Ca binding protein
synthesis in intestinal mucosa
cells
Deposition of minerals in osteoid

plasma Ca

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Effect

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JOINTS AND ARTICULAR

CARTILAGE
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Classification
Syndesmosis
Synchrondrosis
Synostosis
Symphysis
Synovial
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Fibrous tissue between bones

Cartilage between bones

Joint obliterated by bony union

Hyaline cartilage-fibrocartilage-fibrous
tissue

Hyaline cartilage-fibrocartilage-fibrous
tissue
Synovial fluid

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Anatomical structure
Motion
Motion

Growthsynovial
hormones,fluid
Squeezed
androgen,insulin,calcitoni
adequatencirculation

Healthy synovial
Interleukins
membrane

Chondrocytes
proliferation
Optimal nutrition
of
and
synthesize
articular cartilage
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The synovial membrane

Inner
layer

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Outer
layer

Loose CT

Fibrous and
fatty tissue

Synoviocytes
type A and type
B

Rich in
vascularization,
innervation,
lymphatic

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TERIMA KASIH

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