WATER TANKS

Bro Sr Azrin bin Mohd Din

October 2014

Water Tanks
container for storing water
the need is as old as civilisation
storage of water for
drinking water,
irrigationagriculture,
fire suppression,
agriculturalfarming,
both for plants and livestock,
manufacturing,
food preparation
many other applications
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Water Tanks -History

Material - wood,ceramicandstone
Indus Valley Civilization(IVC) was aBronze
Age civilization(33001300 BCE; mature
period 26001900 BCE) extending from what
today is northeastAfghanistantoPakistan and
northwestIndia
prominent inhydraulic engineering
had manywater supply andsanitationdevices
that were the first of their kind

Water Tanks -History

Mohenjo-darois one of the best
excavated and studied settlements
from this civilization
TheGreat Bathmight be the first of
its kind in pre-historic period

Water Tanks -History

This ancient town had more than 700
wells
Most houses had one private well

Water Tanks -History

Dholavira, located in Gujarat, India,
had a series of water storing tanks
and step wells, and its water
management system has been called
"unique
completely built out of stone

Water Tanks -History

storing the fresh water brought by
rains
to store the water diverted from two
nearby rivulets
advantage of the slope of the ground
within the large settlement, drop of
13m from northeast to northwest
cut through stones vertically
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Water Tanks -History

Water Tanks
three kinds of water tanks, resting
on ground

Water Tanks
three kinds of water tanks, resting
underground

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Water Tanks
three kinds of water tanks, resting
elevated

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Water Tanks

How a water tower works:

1. Pump station
2. Reservoir
3. Water user

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Water Tanks
reservoir in the tower may be
spherical,
cylindrical, or
anellipsoid

Water Tower
inGyngys
Hungary

Water tower
inRochester,
Minnesotapainted as
an ear of corn

Tri-axial ellipsoid with

distinct semi-axis lengths
c>b>a
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Water Tanks - material

plastics(polyethylene,
polypropylene),

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Water Tanks - material

plastics(polyethylene,
polypropylene),

IN THE Budget 2013, a sum of RM 100 million is

allocated to Sabah and Sarawak to supply 40,000
plastic water tanks for the rural districts to harvest
the rain water. This works out to be RM2,500 per tank.

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Water Tanks - material

plastics(polyethylene,
polypropylene),

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Water Tanks - material

plastics(polyethylene,
polypropylene),
light,
variety of colours and
long serviceable life
material is made from petrochemicals
take generations to break down and
will release toxins as it does so
easily recycled after 15 years
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Water Tanks - material

fiberglass,
composite material made of aplasticmatrix
reinforced by glass fibre, woven into a mat
watertight
strong lightweight material
its raw materials are much cheaper
readily moulded into complex shapes
resistant to UV exposure and weather
elements
thicker and more durable than plastic
storage in extended depths
easy Installation

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Water Tanks - material

fiberglass,
tend to allow more light in than other
types of tank materials, this can
encourage the growth of algae
brittle, leaving it prone to cracks

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Water Tanks - material

fiberglass

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Water Tanks - material

Fiberglass
typical storage tank has

an inlet,
an outlet,
a vent,
anaccess port,
a drain, and
an overflow nozzle
access ladder
level gauges

size of FRP Vessels is rarely limited by

manufacturing technology, but rather by
economics

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Water Tanks - material

fiberglass

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Water Tanks - material

fiberglass

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Water Tanks - material

fiberglass

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Water Tanks - material

Concrete
Advantages
Easily adaptable to different shapes &
architectural treatments
Many contractors have the capability to
place reinforced concrete
Durability
Proven track record of over 100 years

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Water Tanks - material

Concrete
Disadvantages
Owner preferences may dictate against
using reinforced concrete
Cost considerations due to quantity of
materials required
Construction detailing
Cracking & durability

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Water Tanks - material

Concrete
Design consideration

Seismic loads
Floatation
Abnormal pressure loads
Retaining elements
Influence of adjacent / superimposed
structures
Integration into existing facilities
Security (Access & Defensive)
Construction details
Lining systems (waterproofing)

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Water Tanks - material

Concrete
design working life of waterworks
structures shall be 50 years
dense impermeable concrete is required
compaction by vibration is essential
permeability of the thoroughly compacted
concrete is dependent on water cement
ratio
increase in water cement ratio increases
permeability,
while concrete with low water cement ratio is
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difficult to compact

Water Tanks - material

Concrete
causes of leakage in concrete are
defects such as segregation and
honey combing

joints should be made water-tight as

these are potential sources of leakage

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Water Tanks - material

Concrete

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Water Tanks - material

Concrete
Contraction Joint.
a movement joint
with deliberate
discontinuity
without initial gap
between the
concrete on either
side of the joint
purpose of this joint
is to accommodate
contraction of the
concrete.
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Water Tanks - material

Concrete
Contraction Joint.
either complete contraction joint or
partial contraction joint
complete contraction joint is - both steel and
concrete are interrupted

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Water Tanks - material

Concrete
Contraction
Joint.
partial
contraction joint
- only the
concrete is
interrupted, the
reinforcing steel
running through
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Water Tanks - material

Concrete
Expansion Joint.
a joint with complete
discontinuity in both
reinforcing steel and concrete
to accommodate either
expansion or contraction of
the structure
initial gap between the
adjoining parts of a structure
- closing or opening
accommodates the expansion
or contraction of the structure

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Water Tanks - material

Concrete
Sliding Joint.
a joint with complete
discontinuity in both
reinforcement and
concrete
special provision to
facilitate movement in
plane of the joint
provided between wall
and floor in some tank
designs

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Water Tanks - material

Concrete
Construction Joint.
provided for convenience in construction
achieve subsequent continuity without
relative movement
one application of these joints is between
successive lifts in a reservoir wall.

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Water Tanks - material

Waterproofing
ensure the water tightness, preventing
flow of water from inside the structure to
outside, and
infiltration of water from the surrounding soil
into the structure
watertight concrete is achieved by a
combination of
selective materials,
good workmanship and
full attention to details

prevent passage of water under

hydrostatic pressure

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Water Tanks - material

Waterproofing
base concrete laid, avoid cracks and
leakages
Movements due to
shrinkage and creep
variation of temperature and humidity
dissipation of heat generated by the concrete in
the process of hydration
Damage to the concrete by the percolation of
chemically aggressive liquids from outside
Damage due to uneven settlement of foundations
Cracking of concrete caused by rusting of bars
Hydrostatic uplift force
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Water Tanks - material

Waterproofing
types of waterproofing classified under
four categories:

Capillary Waterproofing
Flexible Cementitious Waterproofing
Liquid Applied Polymer Coatings
Sheet Membranes

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Water Tanks - material

Waterproofing
types of waterproofing classified under
four categories:
Capillary Waterproofing
Soluble salts react with water and forms crystals
which blocks the voids to prevent any moisture
migration.
fills voids in concrete to resist water penetration
and vapour permeable.
major drawback it cannot survive any cracks

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Water Tanks - material

Waterproofing
types of waterproofing classified under
four categories:
Flexible Cementitious Waterproofing
two-component system, which is a brush-applied
and film-forming system.
it can survive minor cracks.
mostly used when protection systems, especially
tiles, are applied directly with thin bed application

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Water Tanks - material

Waterproofing
types of waterproofing classified under
four categories:
Liquid Applied Polymer Coatings
Liquid polysulphide polymers blended with coal
tar, but nowadays, acrylic is very commonly
available.
requires experienced applicators to have a
controlled application

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Water Tanks - material

Waterproofing
types of
waterproofing
classified under
four categories:
Sheet
Membranes

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Water Tanks - material

stone,

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Water Tanks - material

steel(welded or bolted, carbon, or
stainless),
pressed steel sectional rectangular tank
is a versatile bulk storage container of
water
sectional construction concept consists
of bolting up together mass produced
tank panels (either 1.22m or 1.0m
square) into tanks of various sizes and
capacities.
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Water Tanks - material

steel(welded or bolted, carbon, or
stainless),

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Water Tanks - material

steel(welded or bolted, carbon, or
stainless),

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Water Tanks - material

steel(welded or
bolted, carbon, or
stainless),
Mild Steel Panels
Stainless Steel
Panels
individual panel
hydraulically pressed
with a combined
double flange at an
angle of 450 and 900
to the face of the
panel on all 4 sides

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Water Tanks - material

steel(welded or bolted,
carbon, or stainless),
mild steel panel

Bitumen painted,
hot-dipped galvanized,
epoxy or polyester,
powder coated

internal lining of
completed tank
High-density polyethylene
(HDPE)
Fibre glass

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Water Tanks - design

should do no harm to the water
Water is susceptible to a number of
ambient negative influences, including
bacteria,
viruses,
algae,
changes inpH,
accumulation ofminerals, and
accumulatedgas
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