BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

WATERPROOFING

RASHIKA
DHILLON
3RD YR-B
26

Buildingwater-proofingis a process which is designed to prevent water from

penetrating a building.

Usually extensivewaterproofingmeasures are added to a building at the time of

construction, to provide moisture control from the start

Waterproofingmay also be done after a building is built, to address problems as they

emerge or as part of a building retrofit.
Water proofing is done in various parts of the building which include1.WC
2.Bathrooms
3.Terrace
4.Roofs and Chejjas
5.Basement, swimming pools, underground ducts.
6. Under ground and overhead water tanks.
Water-proofing maintains the appearance of the building and increases the life
of the structure.
WHY WATER-PROOF STRUCTURES ?
Construction waterproofing

In buildingconstruction, a structure needs waterproofing sinceconcrete itself will not be

watertight on its own (but note concrete is easily waterproofed with additives).

The conventional system of waterproofing involves 'membranes'. This relies on the

application of one or more layers of membrane (available in various materials:
e.g.,bitumen,silicate,PVC,EPDMetc.) that act as a barrier between the water and the
building structure, preventing the passage of water.

A safer foundation

Exposure to weather conditions like heavy rain and sunlight could cause structural
problems. If wooded decks etc is not properly waterproofed, we can notice discoloration,
water stain, rotting and fungi growth.
Healthier
environment
Walls not properly waterproofed
will
give in hydrostatic pressure creating cracks and

Humidity
and moisture is what moulds and mildew want. Mould and
leaks on walls and floors.
mildew could
cause respiratory problems like asthma and also
trigger allergic reactions. There is no way to remove these fungis
spores inside the house, the only thing that could remove such growth
would be to control moisture.

Moulds do not only grow on walls or areas where there are moisture
issues. It could grow on anything like wood, carpet and even food. By
reducing humidity, preventing condensation and water seepage, mould
and mildew growth could be decreased.
Eliminate insect growth

There are various kinds of insects, water bugs, cockroaches,

beetles, and critters that find heaven in damp areas.
Wet basements are ideal for wood boring insects like termites to
reproduce.

These insects could cause damage not only to the foundation but
also to important things stored in the room.

INTRODUCTION

Cement : Ordinary Portland cement is used for all waterproofing workstype?//pproperties

Sand

: Clean river sand should be used for waterproofing work. If muddy, the sand should be
washed before use.

Metal : Hard angular metal of sizes varying from 12mm to

20mm is used for water-proofing works.
Brick bat: Brick bats should be well burnt pieces of bricks
having proper thickness. Underburnt or
overburnt brick bats should not be used for
water-proofing work.

Water-proofing chemical/powder :

A number chemicals and water-proofing

compounds in powder form are available in the

Bitumen - Mixed with a filler component such as limestone or sand. Polymers are
added to the bitumen such as APP (atactic polypropylene) a plastic additive that
gives rigidity and tear resistance, or SBS (styrene butadiene styrene) a rubber
additive that gives more elastic benefits.

Base Products - Polyester, fiber glass, rag fiber (hessian), and paper. These
products are bought in roll format and are pulled through the bitumen mixes on
-tar/bitumen based compounds
huge rollers. The base product becomes saturated in huge tanks by the tar like
-inorganic compounds with little percentage of chlorides andbitumen
sulphates.
substance, creating rolls of waterproof material.
market. Some chemicals include

-acrylic based compounds.

-epoxy resins.
-silicones.
-polysulphides and polyurethanes.
TYPES OF WATER FORCES
Natural gravity
Surface tension
Wind/air currents
Capillary action
Hydrostatic pressure
Water likely to penetrate building envelopes is most
commonly
from
rainwater
on
abovegrade
components and groundwater intrusion below-grade.
Other sources also should be considered as
appropriate, such as melting snow, overspray from
cooling towers, land- scaping sprinklers, and
redirected water from such sources as downspouts
and gutters.

WATER STOPS
Whenever a construction joint occurs in a below-grade concrete structure, a water

stop should be installed in the joint to prevent the transmission of water through the
joint. Construction joints, also referred to as cold-joints, occur when one section of
concrete placed and cured or partially cured before the adjacent concrete placement
occurs.

,MATERIALS USED

INTEGRAL SYSTEM
- Work within the matrix of a concrete structure, giving the concrete itself a
waterproof quality
- involves adding materials to the concrete mix to make the concrete itself
impermeable

-Capillary / Crystalline Waterproofing

-Can be used as a mortar, sprayed on, or injected. Upon contact, the active
chemicals in a capillary coating are "pulled" into the pores of the concrete by
capillary action caused by moisture. Once inside, the chemicals react with the free
lime in the concrete forming crystals that fill the pores, permanently stopping the
transmission of moisture. As long as there is water in the concrete, the active
chemicals will continue to penetrate, filling the tiny channels, and sealing out water
for good.
CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING
Comprise of a mix of dry cement, sand, and liquid latex. The
materials are mixed on site resulting in a relatively thin,
cementitious liquid that can be applied by brush or roller onto
different substrates.
These systems include metallic, crystalline, chemical additive and
acrylic modified systems. These systems can be applied as negative
or positive side waterproofing.
Uses / Application:
Water tanks / dams
Swimming pools
Concrete pipes
Basement floor and walls
Elevator shafts and pits
STP, Sump pits
Acrylic modified cementations systems add acrylic emulsions to a basic cement-and-

sand mixture. These acrylics add waterproofing characteristics and properties to inplace materials. Acrylic systems are applied in two trowel applications, with a
reinforcing added into the first layer immediately upon application. This mesh adds
some crack-bridging capabilities to acrylic installations. However, since the systems
bond tenaciously to concrete or masonry substrates, movement capability is limited.

WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS

Sheet-Membrane Systems
Sheet membranes used in below grade applications are similar to
the materials used in roofing applications and include
thermoplastics, vulcanized rubbers and rubberized asphalts. The
thickness of these systems varies from 20 to 120 mils.
-Can be in the form of Sheet or Applied liquid that transforms into a film that is
impervious to water when cured.
-Sheet, self-adhering sheet, sheet metal membrane, and sheet metal waterproofing
membranes fall into this category. Film or sheet membrane are attached to a surface
using adhesives, mortar, tape, straps, anchors, plastic welding, or fasteners.
-Membrane sheets can consists of bentonite clay, modified bitumen, rubber,
polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylenepropylenediene monomer (EPDM), reinforced
polymers, and other rubber and plastic sheet compositions.

NON-ADHESIVE SHEET

-SELF ADHERING - MEMBRANE

-also known as "peel and stick" membranes, have an integral layer of adhesives, so
adhesives do not need to be applied to the surface of membrane at the work
site.The release liner is peeled off the adhesive coating and the membrane stuck
onto surface at the construction site.
-TORCH-APPLIED SHEET MEMBRANES
TORCH - APPLIED

-Sheet membrane is torched melting a thin portion of the membrane,

thereby attaching it to the surface which is earlier prepared and applied
with primer.
Uses / Application:
Decks
Swimming pools

SELF-ADHERING SHEET

Basement
Thermoplastics
Discontinuous roofings
Thermoplastic sheet-good systems are available in three compositions: PVC,
chlorinated
polyurethane (CPE), and chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE),
Pads
which
is
referred
to as hypalon. Materials are manufactured in rolls of varying
Toilets , Balconies
widths, but difficulty with vertical applications makes smaller widths more
manageable.
Vulcanized rubbers
Vulcanized rubbers are available in butyl, ethylene propylene diene
monomer (EPDM), and neoprene rubber. These materials are vulcanized by
the addition of sulfur and heat to achieve better elasticity and durability
properties. Membrane thickness for all rubber systems ranges from 3060
mil. These materials are non-breathable, and will disband or blister if
negative vapor drive is present

Flooring application

WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS

Wall application

FLUID APPLIED SYSTEMS

Fluid-applied waterproof materials are solvent-based mixtures containing a
base of urethanes, rubbers, plastics, vinyls, polymeric asphalts, or
combinations thereof. Fluid membranes are applied as a liquid and cure to
form a seamless sheet.
These systems include urethanes, rubbers, plastics and modified asphalts. Fluid
membranes are applied as a liquid and cure to form one monolithic seamless
sheet. Fluid systems can be applied to vertical and horizontal applications. For
foundation wall applications typical fluid applied systems are 60 mils in
thickness.
APPLIED or LIQUID MEMBRANE
-Spray applied membranes, cold-fluid-applied membranes, and hot-applied
membranes are types of membranes applied by melting and then fusing a
rubber, bitumen, or elastomer layer onto the surface to be waterproofed.Liquid
membranes have grown in popularity for horizontal applications.
COLD-FLUID-APPLIED
-brushed, rolled, or sprayed onto the surface to be protected. The liquid
membrane dries or cures into a permanent waterproof membrane.
-Eg. Elastomeric Waterproofing, Tank Linings, Acrylic, Epoxy Paint and coatings
-Uses / Application:
Property Walls
HOT-APPLIED SYSTEMS
Faade
-should include a thermometer so the temperature can be monitored throughout
the process.The temperature must be kept within 25 degrees of the required
application
temperature to ensure even application.
Parapet Walls
Coal
tar and asphalt-modified urethane systems lessen the cost of the material
Concrete
gutters
while still performing effectively. Extenders of asphalt or coal tar limit the
elastomeric capabilities and chemical resistance of these membranes. Coal tar
derivatives are especially toxic, and present difficulties in installing in confined
spaces such as small planters. Coal tar can cause burns and irritations to
exposed skin areas. Field mechanics should take necessary precautions to
protect themselves from the materials hazards.

WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS

BENTONITE CLAYS

Natural clay systems, known as bentonite act as waterproofing by swelling

when exposed to moisture thus becoming impervious to water. This swelling
can be 10 to 15 percent of the thickness of the base material. Clay panels and
sheets are popular for use in blind-side waterproofing applications such as on
retaining earth systems and elevator and sump pits

It is an excellent waterproofing material, but it must be hydrated properly for

successful applications. Clay hydration must occur just after installation and
backfilling, since the material must be fully hydrated and swelled to become
watertight. This hydration and swelling must occur within a confined area
after backfill for the waterproofing properties to be effective. Precaution must
be taken to ensure the confined space is adequate for clay to swell. If
insufficient, materials can raise floor slabs or cause concrete cracking due to
Natural clay systems, known as bentonite act as waterproofing by swelling
the swelling action.
when exposed to moisture thus becoming impervious to water. This swelling
can be 10 to 15 percent of the thickness of the base material. Clay panels and
sheets are popular for use in blind-side waterproofing applications such as on
retaining earth systems and elevator and sump pits

What are the problems with bentonite waterproofing?

Also known as
Bentonite waterproofing goes by other names, like hydroclay sodium
bentonite and granular bentonite.
Before agreeing to have your foundation treated with bentonite, its important to
know about certain
limitations and disadvantages. Heres a quick rundown:
Incomplete coverage.Like any exterior coating, bentonite can only provide
effective protection against water intrusion if the application is perfectly done.
Small gaps, missed spots and thin coverage are application errors that will allow
ground water to enter the basement. This is especially true when bentonite is
injected into the soil rather than applied in sheet form.
Exterior excavation.For full coverage with bentonite, your foundation must be
completely excavated. Bringing heavy equipment onto your property can be
destructive to your yard and landscaping; it also turns your property into a major
construction site. Care must be taken not to damage the foundation during the
excavation process.
Water leakage from inside the foundation.Bentonite applied to foundation
walls cant prevent water from entering your basement along the most common
leak area: the crack between the basement slab floor and the basement wall.
During wet weather, high hydrostatic pressure can easily force water up through
cracks in the basement floor and along the floor-to-wall joint. Interior drain and
sump pump systems are better able to provide waterproofing protection because
they alleviate water pressure rather than causing it to increase.

WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS