TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 4

Sampling
&
Analysis
CHAPTER 3:
Environmental Microbiology

© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
 Menu
1) Environmental Analysis
2) Laboratory Work Rules
3) Laboratory Standard
4) Water Testing
5) Water Testing Factors
6) Water Testing Activities
1) Sample Water Collection
2) Physical Test
3) Chemical Test
4) Biological Test
5) Record

7) Accurate Analysis

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Introduction

Environmental Analysis

“A thorough analysis of environment-related

problems to find alternative actions and their
predictable short-term and long-term
environmental effects, arising from activities at a
site incorporating physical, biological, economic,
and social considerations.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Environmental Analysis - Types

1. Classical Methods
i. Volumetric Methods
ii. Gravimetric Methods
2. Instrumental Methods

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Classical Methods
1. Volumetric methods (Flow measurement &
sampling)
- Rapid, accurate, use simple and inexpensive
apparatus
- Can be used for direct measurements of the
bulk properties.
e.g Water hardness

2. Gravimetric methods (Analytical)

- Extreme accuracy
- Very prone to interference from other
species.
- Need high degree of skill for accurate analysis.
- Used as reference methods to check the
accuracy of other techniques.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Classical Methods – Con’d
3. Colorimetric
- Utilizing formation of a soluble coloured compound following the addition
of a special reagent for a wide range of constituents in wastewater.
- The coloured solution must be such that light absorption through it
increases exponentially with the concentration;

4. Electrodes
- Glass electrodes; sensitive to hydrogen ions in solution used to measure
and express the pH(- log10 [H+] to indicate the intensity or alkalinity of a
solution.
- H+ increase, pH values decrease H+ ion decrease, pH values increase
- All electrodes require careful and sometimes frequent, calibration and
regular cleaning if left in position for continuous monitoring purposes.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Instrumental Methods

1. More suited to low concentration.

2. Linear operating range of instrumentation often
corresponding very closely to environmental
concentrations.
3. Analysis generally rapid and can be easily
automated.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Rules – Laboratory Work
1. Always wear appropriate protective clothing
2. Never smoke, eat or drink in the laboratory
3. Never work alone in a laboratory
4. Make yourself familiar with the fire regulations in your
laboratory and building
5. Be aware of the accident/emergency procedures in your
laboratory and building
6. Only use/take the minimum quantity of chemical required for
your work.
7. Use a fume cupboard for hazardous chemicals. Check that it is
functioning properly before starting your work.
8. Clear up spillages on and around equipment and in your own
workspace as they occur.
9. Work in a logical manner.
10. Think ahead and plan your work accordingly.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Laboratory Standard

1. General cleanliness of the laboratory

2. Contamination of the laboratory equipment
and atmosphere from previous analyses
3. Training of the laboratory staff
4. Frequency of instrument maintenance and
calibration.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Water Testing

Water Testing

“Before the recommendation of

treatment process to be adopted in
a water supply scheme, the sample
of water from the source should be
collected and tested in laboratory.”

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Water Testing Factors

i.To select the source of water

ii.To find the number of units to be established
in a treatment plant and the type of
treatment needed.
iii.To find the cost of treatment
iv.To find the daily requirement of coagulants,
bleaching powder, chlorine, etc.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Water Testing Activities

1. Collection of Water Samples

2. Physical Test
3. Chemical Test
4. Biological Test
5. Data Record

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Water Sampling

“The correctness of treatment

plant depends on the
laboratory of water. The
correctness of laboratory test
depends on the method of
collection and preservation of
sample”.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Water Sampling Activities

1. Sampling Methodologies for routine and

emergency procedures
2. Performing field tests
3. Performing sampling for all water qualities in
different water supply system

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Sampling Methods

1.Random sampling
2.Systematic sampling
3.Stratified sampling

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Sampling Procedures

1. Total number of samples taken

2. Location of the sampling and Sampling apparatus
3. Sample volume and sample storage containers
4. Storage of samples

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Water Sample Collection – Con’d
1. The bottles of the samples should be properly labeled with
informations like date, time of collection, type of source, etc.
2. The bottles should be cleaned properly.
3. The bottles may be of polythene or glass with airtight corks.
4. The capacity of bottles should be about 2 to 3 litres.
5. The bottles should be packed in a wooden box with saw
dust.
6. The samples should be tested as early as possible.
7. If the water is collected from tap, then the water should be
allowed to flow for some time before collection.
8. If the water is collected from surface sources such as rivers,
streams or lakes, then it should be collected from a
depth of about 50 cm. .
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
 StoragePreservation
Sample Significant
General Rules :
• Best to analyze sample as soon as possible after collection.
• Especially when the concentration is expected to be low

1. To retard biological action

2. To retard hydrolysis of chemical
compounds and complexes
3. To reduce volatility of constituents.
4. To reduce absorption effects.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Sample Preservation

General Sample Preservation :

• Refrigerate samples at or below 4 °C.
• Most tests have specific requirements
for preservation and maximum
holding time of samples

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Choosing Suitable Methods

1.APHA :
American Public Health Association
2. ASTM
American Society for Testing and
Materials

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Physical Test

1.Colour
2.Taste and Odour
3.Turbidity
4.Temperature

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Chemical Test
• Chlorides
• Nitrogen and its compounds
• Dissolved gas
• pH-value (Hydrogen-ion
concentration)
• Hardness
• Iron and manganese
• Total solids
• Sulphates
• Alkalinity
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Biological Test

1. Total count or Agar Plate count test or

Standard Plate Count
2. E-coli test

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Typical Analytical Scheme

1. Sample extraction
2. Separation of interfering compounds
3. Concentration of extract
4. Analysis
5. Results calculation and assessment.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Recording of Practical Results
Key factors to remember:

1. Record data correctly and legibly

2. Include the date and title of individual experiments
3. Outline the purpose of the experiments and record
the hazards and risks associated with the
chemicals/equipment being used.
4. Refer to the method/procedure being used and/or
write a brief description of the method.
5. Record the actual observation
6. Record numbers with the correct units, e.g. mg, g,
ml, l and to an appropriate number of significant
figures.
7. Intepret data in the form of graphs, spectra,
table , etc.
8. Record conclusions.
9. Identify any actions for future work.
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Accurate Analysis
1. Sampling procedure should produce a representative
sample
2. The sample should not become contaminated or alter
chemically during storage
3. There should be no contamination of the sample
within the laboratory or during the analysis
4. Any losses in extraction, separation and
concentration procedures should be minimized.
5. There should be no interference in the final analysis
from other components in the sample.
6. Results should be correctly calculated and archived
for future reference.
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Advanced Laboratories

1. Chemical, microbial and biological tests

2. Accredited
3. Advanced instrumentation
Perform :
a) Field sampling and tests
b) Water treatment advice
c) Water Quality Research
4. Professional team of chemists and
biologists

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Collection Equipments

Van Dorn Water Sampler

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Measuring Equipments

pH Meter / probe

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Measuring Equipments

Conductivity Meter

Salt / Conductivity Meter

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Analytical Equipments

Polyethylene bottle Glass bottle

Container

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Analytical Equipments
1. Burette
2. Pipette
3. Volumetric
cylinder
Burette 4. Beaker
5. Imhoff cone
dropper Pipette 6. Test Tube
7. Conical Flask
Volumetric cylinder 8. Dropper

Conical Flask
Test tube
Imhoff cone
Beaker
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
 Analytical Equipments
1. Volumetric
flask
2. Forcep
3. Evaporating
Dish
4. Filtration
forcep Flask
Filtration flask
5. BOD bottle

Evaporating dish BOD bottle

Volumetric flask

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Analytical Equipments

Titration Set
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
 Laboratory Equipments

Stirrer

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Laboratory Equipments
1. Oven
2. Water bath
3. Desiccator
4. Analytical Balance
5. Muffle Furnace
Water bath
Analytical Balance

Muffle furnace Oven

Desiccator
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
 Laboratory Equipments

Incubator
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
 Laboratory Equipments

Jar Test
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
 Analytical Equipments

HACH DR 4000
Spectrophotometer

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Specialized Analytical Techniques

Atomic-Absorption Spectrometry
(AAS)

Technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal

element in a sample
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Specialized Analytical Techniques

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

To separate components of a mixture by using a variety of chemical

interactions between the substance being analyzed (analyte) and the
chromatography column.
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Specialized Analytical Techniques

Gas Chromatography (GC)

Chemical analysis instrument for separating chemicals in a complex sample.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Homework !!!!!!!

DATA INTERPRETING :
‘CALIBRATION GRAPH’

- Definition
- When to use/produce
- How to produce.

***** TO BE SUBMITTED NEXT LECTURE

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
 THANK YOUR FOR
YOUR ATTENTION…..

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT